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Flame retardancy of an intumescent epoxy resin containing cyclotriphosphazene: experimental, computational and statistical studies

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Abstract

The current study is directed towards the evaluation of thermal stability and flame retardancy of the epoxy resin hexaglycidyl cyclotriphosphazene (HGCP) cured with 4,4′-methylene dianiline (MDA) and its polymer composite reinforced with bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) by means of experimental, computational, and statistical approaches. The thermal properties of the polymer materials DGEBA-MDA (M1), HGCP-MDA (M2), and their mixture DGEBA-20%HGCP-MDA (M3) were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry–infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) coupled analysis. The morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM–EDX). The vertical flammability test was done used for the evaluation of the flame retardancy. The temperatures of exothermic peak (To) of the polymer materials M1, M2 and M3 were 95 °C, 77 °C and 93 °C, respectively. The results revealed that the addition of 20% of HGCP enhances the thermal stability compared to DGEBA and provides a DGEBA UL-94 V0 rating. SEM–EDX analysis showed that HGCP promotes the foaming and expansion of the coal as well as improved the gullies on the coal surface. Heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent (HAC) covariance were performed to combine the results of the thermal degradation of the examined epoxy resins as a function of EHOMO and ELUMO, which were obtained from the optimized structure of the epoxy resins using the density functional theory. Consequently, the HAC model was validated by comparing the predicted theoretical results with experimental thermal degradation of the serial of compounds studied.

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Acknowledgements

NuhaWazzan and Zaki Safi gratefully acknowledge King Abdulaziz University’s High-Performance Computing Centre (Aziz Supercomputer) (http://hpc.kau.edu.sa) for assisting with the calculations for this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Industrial Technologies and Services (LITS), Department of Process Engineering, Height School of Technology, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah University, P.O. Box 2427, 30000, Fez, Morocco

    Omar Dagdag & Mustapha El Gouri

  2. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University-Gaza, P.O. Box 1277, Gaza, Palestine

    Zaki S Safi

  3. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 42805, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

    Nuha Wazzan

  4. Department of Analytics in the Digital Era, United Arab Emirates University, College of Business and Economics, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

    Samir K. Safi

  5. Department of Chemistry, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, Palestine

    Shehdeh Jodeh & Othman Hamed

  6. School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712749, South Korea

    Rajesh Haldhar

  7. Center of Research Excellence in Corrosion, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia

    Chandrabhan Verma

  8. Institute of Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNaNoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa

    Eno. E. Ebenso

Authors
  1. Omar Dagdag
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  2. Mustapha El Gouri
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  3. Zaki S Safi
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  4. Nuha Wazzan
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  5. Samir K. Safi
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  6. Shehdeh Jodeh
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  7. Othman Hamed
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  9. Chandrabhan Verma
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  10. Eno. E. Ebenso
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Omar Dagdag or Shehdeh Jodeh.

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Dagdag, O., El Gouri, M., Safi, Z.S. et al. Flame retardancy of an intumescent epoxy resin containing cyclotriphosphazene: experimental, computational and statistical studies. Iran Polym J 30, 1169–1179 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-021-00967-0

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