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Novel Coronavirus: A Review from Origin to Current Status of Therapeutic Strategies

Volume 31, Issue 3, 2021, pp. 21-34
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2021038075
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Muhammad Hassan
Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Muhammad Zalkifal
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FMIPA), Department of Microbiology, Institute Pertanian Bogor (IPB) University Bogor, Indonesia
Abdul Wahab
Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Samia Afzal
Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Shazia Rafique
Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Muhammad Shahid
Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Mohsin Ahmad Khan
Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Nadeem Ahmed
Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Muhammad Idrees
Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Hazara University, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Ahmad Ali Shahid
Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), 87-West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are continuously emerging, highly transmissible, and pathogenic agents that primarily target the human respiratory system. Previous outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome−CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome−CoV remain life-threatening and global public health concerns. A novel CoV outbreak that occurred in December 2019 in Wuhan, China was declared a pandemic outbreak that has since killed millions of individuals worldwide. Rapid transmission, genetic variations, and unavailability of specific therapeutic drugs are major factors that led to this alarming and deadly situation. Currently, > 200 clinical vaccine trials are underway to combat infection. This review summarizes reports related to CoV origin, genetic variations, drug options, status of nine vaccines that were in phase III trials, and novel therapies including convalescent plasma and stem cell treatment.

KEY WORDS: SARS-CoV-2, rapid transmission, genetic variation, therapeutic strategies
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CITED BY

  1. AYDEMİR Semih, ŞAHAN Ekrem, The role of ECG as a mortality predictor in COVID-19 patients treated in the intensive care unit, Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine, 4, 6, 2021. Crossref

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