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Warming and predator drive functional responses of three subtropical cladocerans

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Abstract

Climate warming can change species performance and ecological interactions, which alter the energy flow in aquatic ecosystems. Here, we set microcosms to analyse how warming and predator affect the functional responses of three subtropical cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia silvestrii, Daphnia laevis, and Simocephalus serrulatus). Predator treatments included young-fish presence, young-fish absence, and fish chemical cues. Warming treatments included a control at 22 °C and others at + 2 °C and + 4 °C. We expected that warming would increase cladocerans’ growth, reproduction, and feeding rates by metabolic demands, which also would increase the predation of fish on cladocerans and cladocerans on phytoplankton. The effects of warming and predator on cladocerans functional responses (secondary productivity and grazing rates) were tested through Linear Mixed Models, Generalized Linear Model, and Piecewise Structural Equation Modeling (piecewise SEM). Cladocerans' secondary productivity and grazing were primarily dictated by fish predation and chemical cues, but warming also reduced the grazing of cladocerans on phytoplankton. Warming and predation differently affected the secondary productivity of species depending on their body size, S. serrulatus (the largest-bodied) had reduced rates at high temperatures, D. laevis (the medium-bodied) in young-fish presence, and C. silvestrii (the smallest-bodied) at both treatments. The three species increased secondary productivity in response to fish chemical cues. Our results clarify the unique and combined effect of global warming and predator on the energy availability inside freshwater food-webs. Warming and predator have the potential to reduce cladocerans' secondary productivity and increase primary productivity in subtropical ecosystems.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for financial support. F.A.L.T. is grateful for the research productivity grant provided by the Brazilian National Council of Research and Development (CNPq), and M.G.G.M. is grateful for the grant provided by São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP).

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  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais (PEA), Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupelia), Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo, 5790, Campus Universitário, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil

    Francieli de Fátima Bomfim  & Fábio Amodêo Lansac-Tôha

  2. Departamento de Hidrobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil

    Maria da Graça Gama Melão  & Renan Castelhano Gebara

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  1. Francieli de Fátima Bomfim
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Bomfim , ., Melão , ., Gebara, R.C. et al. Warming and predator drive functional responses of three subtropical cladocerans. Aquat Ecol 55, 903–914 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-021-09870-5

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