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Microporous-activated carbons of type I adsorption isotherm derived from sugarcane bagasse impregnated with zinc chloride

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Abstract

Sugarcane bagasse has been used as a substrate for the development of microporous nano-activated carbons for the treatment and elimination of dissolved materials from aquatic environment. The activated carbon was produced using chemical activation in one-step method with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as the activating agent at a carbonization temperatures range from 500 to 900 °C. The effects of temperature and time of carbonization on the activated carbon product properties were thoroughly studied. The activated carbons that resulted were characterized using the N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method (BET), pore property analysis, micropore (MP) surface area, t-plot surface area, TGA, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and EDX analyses. The prepared activated carbon's point of zero charge, Boehm titration process, iodine removal percentage, and methylene blue number were also investigated. The prepared activated carbon's maximum surface area was achieved using a 2/1 impregnation ratio (dried sugarcane bagasse/ZnCl2) at 600 °C temperature of carbonization and 60 min residence time. 1402.2 m2/g, 0.6214 and 1.41 cm3/g, respectively, were the largest surface area, total pore volume, and micropore volume. As the activation temperature increased, the total pore volume increased and the BET study measured a pore diameter of 0.7 nm and a mean pore diameter of 1.77 nm.

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Data transparency complies with field standards.

Abbreviations

AC:

Activated carbon

a M :

Micropore surface area

a T :

Total surface area

BET:

Brunauer–Emmett–Teller

C 0 :

Initial concentration (mg/L)

C e :

Equilibrium concentration (mg/L)

D P :

Mean pore diameter

DTG:

Deferential thermal analysis

EDX:

Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis

FTIR:

Fourier-transform infrared

IRP:

Iodine removal percentage

IUPAC:

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

MB:

Methylene blue

MBN:

Methylene blue number

MP:

Micropore analysis

pHZPC :

Zero point of charge

PSD:

Pore size distribution

SCB:

Sugarcane bagasse

SBAC:

Activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse

S BET :

Specific surface area (m2/g)

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

S mi :

Micropore surface area

t :

Time (min)

T :

Absolute temperature

TEM:

Transmission electron microscope

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

V :

Volume of the solution (L)

V mi :

Micropore volume

V T :

Total pore volume (cm3/g)

W :

Mass of dry adsorbent (g)

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Funding

The corresponding author is grateful to the Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) of Egypt for its partial financial support of this work (Project No. CB-4874 and CB-22816).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Kayet Bey, El-Anfoushy, Alexandria, Egypt

    Ahmed El Nemr, Amany El Sikaily & Safaa Ragab

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

    Rawan M. Aboughaly, Mamdouh S. Masoud & Mohamed S. Ramadan

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  1. Ahmed El Nemr
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  2. Rawan M. Aboughaly
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  3. Amany El Sikaily
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  4. Mamdouh S. Masoud
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  6. Safaa Ragab
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Contributions

Professor Dr. AEN designed the experiments, supervised the research experiments and wrote the paper. RMA do the experimental work and wrote the paper. Professor Dr. AES, MSM, and MSR supervised the work and gave advice to progress the research work. Dr. SR gave experimental and theoretical work advice and wrote the paper.

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Correspondence to Ahmed El Nemr.

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El Nemr, A., Aboughaly, R.M., El Sikaily, A. et al. Microporous-activated carbons of type I adsorption isotherm derived from sugarcane bagasse impregnated with zinc chloride. Carbon Lett. 32, 229–249 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-021-00270-1

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