Abstract
Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) provides fine spatial resolution for additively manufactured (AM) objects. Development of a new LPBF machine technology enables the incorporation of multi-directional compositional gradients. A sample with six compositional regions ranging from 100% titanium to 100% tantalum perpendicular to the build direction was produced, while also changing the processing parameters for the different material composition. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to observe both the bulk and interface regions. SEM images demonstrate that dendritic morphology is present as a result of the non-equilibrium solidification instead of the one-phase solid solution predicted from the equilibrium phase diagram. EDS line and area scans indicate diffusional segregation of tantalum away from the interface regions. The ability to functionally grade material composition in multiple directions using LPBF AM provides the capability to fabricate complex geometries with spatially varying properties tailored to the desired application.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. Reichardt, A.A. Shapiro, R. Otis, R.P. Dillon, J.P. Borgonia, B.W. McEnerney, P. Hosemann, and A.M. Beese, Int. Mater. Rev. 66, 29. (2021).
C. Zhang, F. Chen, Z. Huang, M. Jia, G. Chen, Y. Ye, Y. Lin, W. Liu, B. Chen, Q. Shen, L. Zhang, and E. Lavemia, J. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 764, 138206. (2019).
P. Jaiswal, J. Patel, and R. Rai, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 96, 223. (2018).
M. Binder, C. Anstaett, M. Horn, F. Herzer, G. Schlick, C. Seidel, J. Schilp, and G. Reinhart, in Solid Freeform Fabrication Conference Proceedings (2018).
A. Demir and B. Previtali, Manuf. Lett. 11, 8. (2017).
V. Nadimpalli, T. Dahmen, E.H. Valente, S. Mohanty, and D.B. Pedersen, in euspen's 19th International Conference & Exhibition (2019).
S.M. Yusuf, X. Zhao, S. Yang, and N. Gao, Mater. Lett. 284, 128928. (2021).
Z.H. Liu, D.Q. Zhang, S.L. Sing, C.K. Chua, and L.E. Loh, Mater. Charact. 94, 116. (2014).
C. Anstaett, C. Seidel, and G. Reinhart, in Solid Freeform Fabrication Conference, 2017.
C. Wei, Z. Sun, Q. Chen, Z. Liu, and L. Li, J. Manuf. Sci. E. 141, 081014. (2019).
Y. Wen, B. Zhang, R.L. Narayan, P. Wang, X. Song, H. Zhao, U. Ramamurty, and X. Qu, Addit. Manuf. 40, 101926. (2021).
C. Wei, X. Zhang, and Y.H. Chueh, CIRP Ann. 67, 245. (2018).
F. Yan, W. Xiong, and E.J. Faierson, Materials 10, 11. (2017).
R. Evans, J. Walker, J. Middendorf, and J. Gockel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 51, 4123. (2020).
S. Barzilai, C. Toher, S. Curtarolo, and O. Levy, Acta Mater. 120, 255. (2016).
J. Fuerst, D. Medlin, M. Carter, J. Sears, and G. Vander Voort, JOM 67(4), 775. (2015).
S. Tammas-Williams, and I. Todd, Scr. Mater. 135, 105. (2017).
B. Vrancken, L. Thijs, J.-P. Kruth, and J. Van Humbeeck, Acta Mat. 68, 150. (2014).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lesko, C., Walker, J., Middendorf, J. et al. Functionally Graded Titanium–Tantalum in the Horizontal Direction Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing. JOM 73, 2878–2884 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-021-04811-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-021-04811-x