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Optimal Elemental Characterization of Historical High-Fired Ceramic Wares: Majors/Minors, Traces, or Both?

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Abstract

Porcelain wares containing calcined bone ash and gypsum in their pastes were some of the most commercially successful high-fired wares produced in Britain and America during the third quarter of the 18th century. They were produced by the two earliest porcelain manufactories in America (the Bartlam and the Bonnin & Morris factories) and by several British manufactories, including the largest such enterprise (Bow) and another London factory (Isleworth). Owing to the influence that London manufacturers had on contemporary and later porcelain producers elsewhere in Britain and in America, major, minor, and high-precision trace-element data were determined for pastes and glazes of potsherds from the sites of these factories so that compositional commonalities and differences could be ascertained. Multidimensional scaling of major- and minor-element data for 34 samples of these wares generates diagrams on which the products of the four factories under consideration cluster relatively tightly as compared with diagrams created using only trace elements and all analytical data (major, minor, and trace elements). The coupling of geochemically unaffiliated components (or ratios thereof), including trace elements, however, tends to generate the best field separation on discrimination diagrams for these wares. The American and British phosphatic porcelains described here can readily be distinguished based on the concentrations of various paste components; rubidium vs. arsenic and tin, for example, best distinguishes Bartlam from Bonnin & Morris and their London counterparts.

Resumen

Los artículos de porcelana que contienen cenizas de hueso calcinado y yeso en sus pastas fueron algunos de los artículos de alta cocción de mayor éxito comercial producidos en Gran Bretaña y Estados Unidos durante el tercer cuarto del siglo XVIII. Fueron producidos por las dos primeras fábricas de porcelana en América (las fábricas de Bartlam y Bonnin & Morris) y por varias fábricas británicas, incluida la empresa más grande de este tipo (Bow) y otra fábrica de Londres (Isleworth). Debido a la influencia que los fabricantes de Londres tuvieron sobre los productores de porcelana contemporáneos y posteriores en otras partes de Gran Bretaña y Estados Unidos, se determinaron datos de oligoelementos mayores, menores y de alta precisión para pastas y esmaltes de tiestos de los sitios de estas fábricas, de modo que se pueden determinar los elementos comunes y las diferencias de composición. El escalado multidimensional de datos de elementos mayores y menores para 34 muestras de estos productos genera diagramas en los que los productos de las cuatro fábricas en consideración se agrupan de manera relativamente estrecha en comparación con los diagramas creados utilizando solo oligoelementos y todos los datos analíticos (mayores, menores y oligoelementos). Sin embargo, el acoplamiento de componentes geoquímicamente no afiliados (o proporciones de los mismos), incluidos los oligoelementos, tiende a generar la mejor separación de campo en los diagramas de discriminación para estos productos. Las porcelanas fosfatadas estadounidenses y británicas descritas aquí se pueden distinguir fácilmente basándose en las concentraciones de varios componentes de la pasta; rubidio frente a arsénico y estaño, por ejemplo, distingue mejor a Bartlam de Bonnin & Morris y sus homólogos de Londres.

Résumé

Les objets de porcelaine contenant dans leurs pâtes de la cendre d'os calcinée et du gypse comptaient parmi certaines des porcelaines de grand feu dont la production connaissait le plus grand succès commercial en Grande-Bretagne et aux États-Unis au cours du troisième quart du 18ème siècle. Ils étaient produits par les deux toutes premières manufactures de porcelaine en Amérique (les usines Bartlam et Bonnin & Morris) et par plusieurs manufactures britanniques notamment l'entreprise la plus importante (Bow) et une autre usine londonienne (Isleworth). En raison de l'influence que les fabricants de Londres avaient sur les producteurs contemporains et ultérieurs de porcelaine ailleurs en Grande-Bretagne et en Amérique, les données d'éléments traces, majeurs, mineurs et de haute précision étaient déterminées pour les pâtes et les vernis des tessons de poterie à partir des sites de ces usines afin que les points communs et les différences dans leur composition puissent être vérifiés. L'échelle multidimensionnelle des données d'éléments majeurs et mineurs pour 34 échantillons de ces porcelaines, génère des diagrammes sur lesquels les produits des quatre usines étudiées se regroupent de manière relativement étroite par comparaison aux diagrammes créés en utilisant uniquement les éléments traces et toutes les données analytiques (éléments traces, majeurs, mineurs). Le couplage de composants non-affiliés (ou de ratios de ces derniers) quant à la géochimie, y compris d'éléments traces, tend cependant à générer la meilleure séparation de champ sur les diagrammes de discrimination pour ces porcelaines. Les porcelaines phosphatiques américaines et britanniques décrites ici peuvent facilement être identifiées en fonction des concentrations de différents composants de leur pâte; par exemple, le rubidium par opposition à l'arsenic et l'étain permet de mieux distinguer Bartlam de Bonin & Morris et de leurs pairs londoniens.

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Acknowledgments:

This study was supported by an American Ceramic Circle Grant awarded to the first author. We thank Xiang Yang for assistance with the SEM/EDS, and Randy Corney for lapidary and drafting services. Samples were made available courtesy of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Independence National Historic Site, Nick Panes, and Rob Hunter. The manuscript benefited from comments by three anonymous referees.

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Owen, J.V., Greenough, J.D. & Petrus, J.A. Optimal Elemental Characterization of Historical High-Fired Ceramic Wares: Majors/Minors, Traces, or Both?. Hist Arch 55, 303–328 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41636-021-00291-7

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