Elsevier

The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry

Volume 126, Issue 3, September 2021, Pages 405.e1-405.e7
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry

Research and Education
Influence of surface modification of titanium implants on improving osseointegration: An in vitro study

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.06.034Get rights and content

Abstract

Statement of problem

The effect of aging and the surface treatment of implants on osseointegration needs to be evaluated.

Purpose

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of aging and the surface treatment of titanium with ultraviolet (UV) radiation and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) on hydrophilicity and cell growth and thus on osseointegration.

Material and methods

A total of 28 specimens were divided into 2 groups to measure hydrophilicity (n=14) and cell growth (n=14). Each group was further divided into 4 groups according to surface modification. These include the control group (CG) (nascent specimens), aged group (AG) (nascent specimens aged for 4 weeks), photofunctionalized group (PG) (aged specimens UV-A treated), and mimed group (MG) (aged specimens UV-A and FGF2 treated). The PG and MG specimens were treated with UV-A light for 40 minutes. The biomimetic surface modification was performed for MG. Hydrophilicity was measured by using the contact angle in relation to the surface of titanium disks with the help of a drop shape analyzing device (KRUSS), and cell growth was measured by calculating the number of stem cells per cm2 with the help of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis with a statistical software program (α=.05).

Results

The lowest contact angle values were found in PG (13.52 ±0.90 degrees) and the highest in AG (70.54 ±1.72 degrees). The highest number of cells per cm2 (2880 ±99.33) were found for MG, and the lowest number of cells per cm2 (760 ±9.17) for AG.

Conclusions

Aging decreased the hydrophilicity and cell adhesion, migration, and growth on the titanium surface. UV treatment improved the hydrophilicity, cell adhesion, migration, and growth for both CG and AG. FGF2 treatment increased the cell adhesion, migration, and growth for CG, AG, and PG.

Section snippets

Material and methods

Medical-grade commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) (grade 4) was used in the study. Twenty-eight disks (20×15×2 mm) were prepared by wet milling. All specimens were acid-etched with 67% (w/w) sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at 1200 °C for 75 seconds. After acid etching, the disks were cleaned in an ultrasonic cleaner (Ultrasonic Cleaner C-4820; Unicorn Denmart) in acetone for 5 minutes followed by distilled water for 10 minutes at room temperature. The Ti surface was composed primarily of carbon (C),

Results

The contact angle was used to measure hydrophilicity (Table 1). The lowest contact angle was seen in PG (13.52 ±0.90 degrees), and the highest in AG (70.54 ±1.72 degrees). The Tukey HSD test showed a significant (P< .001) difference in the hydrophilicity of the specimens for all groups except between PG and MG (Tables 2 and 3 and Figs. 1 and 2).

Cell growth on titanium disks (n=14) was assessed by measuring the number of cells per cm2 as shown in Table 4. The highest number of cells per cm2 was

Discussion

After surface modification, UV photofunctionalization and biomimetic changes improved hydrophilicity and cell growth. Thus, the null hypothesis was rejected.

The percentage bone-to-titanium contact has been reported to be 50% to 65%, much less than the ideal value of 100%.8,9 Incomplete fixation or early or late destructive changes at the bone-implant interface is the most common cause of implant failure.26, 27, 28 The surface properties of the implant are the determining factor for its

Conclusions

Based on the findings of this in vitro study, the following conclusions were drawn:

  • 1.

    With time, the hydrophilicity and surface-cell interaction of titanium surface were reduced. This may be because of hydrocarbons on the titanium surface.

  • 2.

    UV treatment improved the hydrophilicity, cell adhesion, migration, and growth for both control and aged groups. The findings showed that the UV treatment of titanium surfaces not only improved the physicochemical properties of titanium surfaces but also

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Mohini Gajiwala: Conceptualization, Software, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Resources. Jyoti Paliwal: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Supervision, Project administration, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Syed Yawer Husain: Supervision, Visualization. Ashish Dadarwal: Supervision, Visualization. Rajni Kalla: Supervision, Visualization. Vineet Sharma: Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Visualization. Meenakshi

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