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Immune-microbiome interplay and its implications in neurodegenerative disorders

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Abstract

The neurodegeneration and its related CNS pathologies need an urgent toolbox to minimize the global mental health burden. The neuroimmune system critically regulates the brain maturation and survival of neurons across the nervous system. The chronic manipulated immunological drive can accelerate the neuronal pathology hence promoting the burden of neurodegenerative disorders. The gut is home for trillions of microorganisms having a mutual relationship with the host system. The gut-brain axis is a unique biochemical pathway through which the gut residing microbes connects with the brain cells and regulates various physiological and pathological cascades. The gut microbiota and CNS communicate using a common language that synchronizes the tuning of immune cells. The intestinal gut microbial community has a profound role in the maturation of the immune system as well as the development of the nervous system. We have critically summarised the clinical and preclinical reports from the past a decade emphasising that the significant changes in gut microbiota can enhance the host susceptibility towards neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we have discussed how the gut microbiota-mediated immune response inclines the host physiology towards neurodegeneration and indicated the gut microbiota as a potential future candidate for the management of neurodegenerative disorders.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge the Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India for providing the necessary facilities and infrastructure.

Funding

This work is supported by the SPARC grant (SPARC/2018-2019/P435/SL) and Core Research Grant (CRG/2020/002621/BHS) awarded to Dr. Vinod Tiwari by Ministry of Human Resource & Development, Government of India and Science and Engineering Research Board respectively. This work is also supported by Senior Research Fellowship awarded to Mr. Ankit Uniyal under the supervision of Dr. Vinod Tiwari by Indian Council of Medical Research (5/3/8/44/ITR-F/2019-ITR).

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  1. Ankit Uniyal and Vineeta Tiwari have contributed equally to this work.

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  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India

    Ankit Uniyal, Vineeta Tiwari, Mousmi Rani & Vinod Tiwari

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  1. Ankit Uniyal
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AU and VT conceived the idea and performed the literature review. AU, VT and MR has written the first draft of the manuscript. Further, AU and VT performed critical editing and revised the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Vinod Tiwari.

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Uniyal, A., Tiwari, V., Rani, M. et al. Immune-microbiome interplay and its implications in neurodegenerative disorders. Metab Brain Dis 37, 17–37 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-021-00807-3

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