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Pursuing Multiple Biomarkers for Early Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis

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Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) ranks first in the world as a neurodegenerative movement disorder and occurs most commonly in an idiopathic form. PD patients may have motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms, including cognitive and behavioral changes, and symptoms related to autonomic nervous system (ANS) failures, such as gastrointestinal, urinary, and cardiovascular symptoms. Unfortunately, the diagnostic accuracy of PD by general neurologists is relatively low. Currently, there is no objective molecular or biochemical test for PD; its diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, mainly by cardinal motor symptoms, which manifest when patients have lost about 60–80% of dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a panel of biomarkers for the early and accurate diagnosis of PD. Once the disease is accurately diagnosed, it may be easier to unravel idiopathic PD’s pathogenesis, and ultimately, finding a cure. This review discusses several biomarkers’ potential to set a panel for early idiopathic PD diagnosis and future directions.

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Acknowledgements

Y.G.C. (No. CVU: 856246) and A.P.D.J. (No. CVU: 708195) received a scholarship from the National Council of Science and Technology (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT). All figures were created with Biorender.com.

Funding

This research has been funded by Programa de Apoyo a la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (PAICyT) 2021: SA1872-21 (A.G.G), and SA1891-21 (H.R.R).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico

    Yareth Gopar-Cuevas, Ana P. Duarte-Jurado, Rosa N. Diaz-Perez, Odila Saucedo-Cardenas, Maria J. Loera-Arias, Roberto Montes-de-Oca-Luna, Humberto Rodriguez-Rocha & Aracely Garcia-Garcia

  2. Departamento de Genética Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Delegación Nuevo León, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, Mexico

    Odila Saucedo-Cardenas

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  2. Ana P. Duarte-Jurado
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  3. Rosa N. Diaz-Perez
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  4. Odila Saucedo-Cardenas
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  5. Maria J. Loera-Arias
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  6. Roberto Montes-de-Oca-Luna
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  7. Humberto Rodriguez-Rocha
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  8. Aracely Garcia-Garcia
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Correspondence to Humberto Rodriguez-Rocha or Aracely Garcia-Garcia.

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Gopar-Cuevas, Y., Duarte-Jurado, A.P., Diaz-Perez, R.N. et al. Pursuing Multiple Biomarkers for Early Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis. Mol Neurobiol 58, 5517–5532 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-021-02500-z

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