Abstract
The occurrence of Helicobacter spp. and fecal bacterial contamination was investigated in high-altitude environments from the Northeastern Andes of Venezuela. Helicobacter DNA was detected by PCR in streams, drinking and irrigation waters, and one culture from drinking water by the HP enrichment medium for selection of Helicobacter pylori, which displayed 98.98% homology to this pathogen based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. FISH demonstrated predominant coccoid cells of the target bacteria indicative of the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state in all water samples and HP cultures. Our work reveals for the first time Helicobacter spp. in waters from one of the highest places in the world. These results, together with the presence of fecal coliforms (2–160 MPN/100 mL) from the headwaters of rivers to drinking and irrigation waters, alert fecal contamination and epidemiological implications in this area of ecological and economic importance for the region.
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Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge to E. Rivas for sampling contribution, Y. Serrano (Departamento de Biología de Organismos, USB) and research staff from Laboratorio de Fisiología Gastrointestinal (CBB, IVIC) for facilities in the experimental work, G. Velásquez and S. Cobarrubia-Russo for assistance and workers from Alcaldía del Municipio Rafael Rangel with Figs. 1, 2, respectively, as well as R.N. Incani for English style manuscript correction. The authors also wish to thank the Reviewers of the manuscript for the improvements in the understanding and discussion of the study. This work was funded by grants from IVIC to M.F. and V.S. and USB to P.S. Special thanks to the IVIC Direction for the financial and logistical support.
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Duarte, N., Salazar, V., Casanova, G. et al. Occurrence of Helicobacter spp. and Fecal Bacterial Contamination in High-altitude Aquatic Environments from the Andes. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 107, 433–440 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-021-03347-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-021-03347-9