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Negotiating Tension and Change through Religion, Mortuary Practices, and Burial Sites within African-Descent and Moravian Communities in the Caribbean

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Abstract

Historical archaeologies of the African diaspora in the Caribbean have recently expanded on analyses of relationships among religion, mortuary practices, burial sites within varied landscapes, and environmental, social, economic, and cultural contexts. In addition, studies currently investigate the politics of death and burial, including who controlled mortuary spaces, at what times, by which means, and for what purposes. Finally, research collaborations have analyzed community formation and activity through the lens of past and present mortuary practices. In light of these research developments, this article interprets material and documentary evidence to understand how past and present peoples, including enslaved and free people of African descent, Moravian missionaries, and descendant communities, have used religion, burial sites, and mortuary practices to negotiate tension and social change in life and death across landscapes in the British and former Danish West Indies (now the U.S. Virgin Islands).

Resumen

Las arqueologías históricas de la diáspora africana en el Caribe se han ampliado recientemente a los análisis de las relaciones entre la religión, las prácticas mortuorias, los lugares de enterramiento en paisajes variados y contextos ambientales, sociales, económicos y culturales. Además, en la actualidad los estudios investigan la política de la muerte y el entierro, la que incluye quién controlaba los espacios mortuorios, en qué momento, por qué medios y con qué fines. Finalmente, las colaboraciones de investigación han analizado la formación y actividad de las comunidades a través de la lente de las prácticas mortuorias pasadas y presentes. A la luz de estos desarrollos de investigación, este artículo interpreta evidencia material y documental para comprender cómo los pueblos del pasado y del presente, incluidas las personas esclavizadas y libres de ascendencia africana, los misioneros moravos y las comunidades descendientes, han utilizado la religión, los lugares de enterramiento y las prácticas mortuorias para negociar la tensión y el cambio social en la vida y la muerte en los paisajes de las Indias Occidentales británicas y danesas (ahora las Islas Vírgenes de EE. UU.).

Résumé

Les archéologies historiques de la diaspora africaine dans les Caraïbes se sont récemment élargies aux analyses des relations entre les religions, les pratiques funéraires, les lieux de sépulture au sein d'une variété de paysages et de contextes environnementaux, sociaux, économiques et culturels. De plus, les études s'intéressent actuellement aux politiques de la mort et de l'enterrement, y compris celles qui contrôlaient les espaces funéraires, à quels moments, par quels moyens et pour quelles finalités. Enfin, les collaborations de recherche ont procédé à une analyse de la formation et de l'activité de la communauté suivant une approche des pratiques funéraires passées et présentes. À la lumière de ces développements de recherche, cet article se penche sur l'interprétation de preuves matérielles et documentaires pour comprendre comment les populations passées et présentes, notamment les personnes esclaves et libres d'origine africaine, les missionnaires moraves et les communautés descendantes se sont appuyés sur la religion, les lieux de sépulture et les pratiques funéraires pour négocier les tensions et évolutions sociales pour ce qui avait trait à la vie et à la mort à travers les paysages des Antilles britanniques et anciennement danoises (de nos jours les Îles vierges des États-Unis).

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Notes

  1. The “lovefeast” is a church gathering that connotes community camaraderie and support (Moravian Church 2018).

  2. Sankeys are sacred songs, compiled by Ira Sankey and used in St. John’s Moravian Sunday school services (Benjamin 1998:78).

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Acknowledgments:

I would like to thank Dr. John Chenoweth for inviting me to present a version of this article in the session “Religious Communities, Religious Landscapes” at the 2018 Society for Historical Archaeology conference in New Orleans, Louisiana. I am grateful for his feedback and that of other colleagues and conference participants. I am also thankful for the funding and support for this project provided by Utica College. Finally, I wish to thank members of the St. John and Barbados communities for welcoming me into their lives and for sharing their time, energy, and knowledge.

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Blouet, H.C. Negotiating Tension and Change through Religion, Mortuary Practices, and Burial Sites within African-Descent and Moravian Communities in the Caribbean. Hist Arch 55, 533–549 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41636-021-00302-7

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