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Variation of salinity in the Sundarbans Estuarine System during the Equinoctial Spring tidal phase of March 2011

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Abstract

The Sundarbans Estuarine System (SES), comprising the southernmost part of the Indian portion of the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta bordering the Bay of Bengal, is India’s largest monsoonal, macro-tidal, delta-front estuarine system. The Sundarbans Estuarine Programme (SEP), covering six semi-diurnal tidal cycles during 18–21 March 2011 (the Equinoctial Spring Phase), was the first comprehensive observational programme in the SES. The 30 observation stations, spread over more than 3600 \(\hbox {km}^2\), covered the seven inner estuaries of the SES: the Saptamukhi, Thakuran, Matla, Bidya, Gomdi, Harinbhanga, and Raimangal. At all stations or time-series locations (TSLs), the water level was measured every 15 min and water samples were collected every hour for estimating salinity. We report the observed spatio-temporal variations of salinity in this paper. The mean salinity over the six tidal cycles decreased upstream and the mean range of salinity over a tidal cycle increased upstream. In addition to this along-channel variation, the mean salinity also varied zonally across the SES. Salinity was lowest in the eastern SES, with the lowest value occurring at the TSLs on the Raimangal. Though higher than at the Raimangal TSLs, the mean salinity was also low at Mahendranagar, the westernmost TSL located on the West Gulley of the Saptamukhi. Salinity tended to be higher in the central part of the SES. CTD (conductivity–temperature–depth) measurements at three stations on the Matla show a well-mixed profile. Only the Raimangal has a freshwater source at its head. Therefore, the upstream decrease of salinity in the SES is likely to be the effect of the preceding summer monsoon, which would have freshened the estuary, and the ingress of salt from the seaward end due to the tide following the cessation of of the monsoon rains. The freshwater inflow from the Raimangal leads to the lowest salinities occurring in the eastern SES. The lower salinity in the western SES also suggests inflow from the Hoogly estuary, whose freshwater source is regulated via the Farakka Barrage. At 20 of the 30 TSLs, the salinity varied semi-diurnally, like the water level, and the maximum (minimum) salinity tended to occur at or around high (low) water. The temporal variation was more complex at the other 10 TSLs. Even at the TSLs at which a tidal stand exceeding 75 min was seen in the water level, the salinity oscillated with a semi-diurnal period. Thus, the salinity variation was unaffected by the stand of the tide that has been reported from the SES.

Research highlights

  • Comprehensive description of salinity variability in the Sundarbans Estuarine System (SES)

  • Semi-diurnal variation seen at a majority of the stations and the estuaries are well-mixed

  • Mean salinity decreases upstream and is lower in the eastern and western SES

  • The upstream decrease is due to the preceding monsoon and the tidal ingress of salt

  • Direct (indirect) inflow from the Ganga (Hoogly) lowers salinity in the eastern (western) SES

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Acknowledgements

This work was conducted as part of a research project at School of Oceanographic Studies (SOS), Jadavpur University (JU) (Sanction No. F/INCOIS/INDOMOD-11-2007/2691 dated 20 December 2007) funded by Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, under the INDOMOD programme. D Shankar, D Sundar, and G S Michael acknowledge the support from CSIR under the Supra-Institutional Project (SIP13; 2007–2012). We also acknowledge the critical comments of two anonymous reviewers, who have helped improve the manuscript significantly. In particular, we acknowledge one of them as the source of the explanation for the observed upstream decrease in salinity in all the SES estuaries: the role of the preceding monsoon was pointed out by this reviewer. This reviewer also pointed out the possibility of westward alongshore advection in the northern bay leading to the decrease in salinity at Indrapur. The authors gratefully acknowledge the following organizations and people whose encouragement and active cooperation led to the successful implementation of the Sundarbans Estuarine Programme: INCOIS, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, for funding the programme; the Department of Forests and the Sundarbans Development Board, Government of West Bengal for permission to work in some of the Reserve Forest areas, accommodation, and other facilities; the Tagore Society for Rural Development (TSRD), Sabuj Sangha (SS), and the Calcutta Wildlife Society (CWS) for providing local human resources and logistic support; the Border Security Force (Eastern Frontier), Government of India, and the West Bengal Police for providing security during the observation period. With the announcement of the General Assembly Elections in West Bengal scheduled to begin from 10 April 2011 and the model code of conduct already imposed during March, potential difficulties for conducting the SEP were smoothed out by the effective intervention of the then District Magistrate of South 24 Parganas, Mr Narayan Swaroop Nigam, IAS, to whom we express our heartfelt thanks. His prompt permission to carry out the SEP and very clear instructions to the various Departments of the Government of West Bengal mentioned above were crucial to the success of the SEP in spite of the recalcitrance of the then Field Officer of the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve. The SEP, initiated at the suggestion of Dr S R Shetye, in September 2010, progressed rapidly to a full fledged programme by March 2011 under the constant and enthusiastic encouragement received from him, Dr S S C Shenoi, and late Prof A D Mukherjee. Dr M Ravichandran and Dr P A Francis were always ready with their cooperation throughout the preparatory and implementation stages of the programme. The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr A C Anil, Dr Dileep Kumar, Dr A S Unnikrishnan, and Dr V Gopalakrishna of CSIR-NIO, Goa, and Dr V V S S Sarma, Dr V S N Murty, and Dr Y Sadhuram of CSIR-NIO Regional Centre, Visakhapatnam for their valuable suggestions and help in using the autosal facilities. Sincere thanks are extended to the late Mr Tushar Kanjilal (Founder Director of TSRD), Mr Angshuman Das (Founder Director of SS), and Mr Debkumar Biswas (Secretary of CWS) for their permission and help in managing local human resources and logistics at Rangabelia, Nandakumarpur, and Jharkhali, respectively. Sincere thanks are also extended to the the local coordinators (Mr Kanai Lal Sarkar of TSRD, Mr Swapan Kumar Das of SS, and Mr Nihar Mandal of CWS) and the Scientific Supervisors (Mr Manik Maity, Mr Nanda Gopal Maity, and Mr Sumit Koley from Digha, Mr Jayanta Sutradhar, Mr Joydeep Ghosal, Mr Prasanta Nandi, Mr Pranab Kumar Mukherjee, and Mr Shantanu Paramanik from Purulia, and Mr Dwaipayan Bhattacharya from Bhopal). Friends Mr Kalyan Mallick, IPS (now retired IG, West Bengal Police, then Commandant, India Reserve Battalion, Durgapur) with his Personal Security Officer, Mr Indrajit Mandal, and Mrs. Rupa Ravindran from Mumbai came over to Kolkata to provide their immense help, bearing without any complaint the discomfort and challenges that came our way, and enjoying like us every bit of their participation in the SEP. GKS and MC would like to specially acknowledge Prof. Sugata Hazra, Director, SOS, JU (since retired) and Dr M Bardhan Roy, the then Principal, Basanti Devi College for the cooperation extended to them during the organization and execution of the SEP. Finally, the authors take the greatest pleasure in humbly and sincerely thanking and gratefully acknowledging each of the 180 observers, the 30 local supervisors, the pilots of the 44 mechanised boats and their assistants, and also the drivers of the field vehicles for the dedication and sincerity with which they performed their work, mostly under difficult and often dangerous conditions. Their contribution towards the effectiveness and success of the SEP was priceless and immeasurable. It is doubtful if the SEP2011 observations could have been completed successfully without the timely interventions of the late Prof A D Mukherjee, who passed away in October 2020; we dedicate this paper to him. This is CSIR-NIO contribution 6701, ESSO-NCPOR contribution J-124/2020-21, and ESSO-INCOIS contribution 407.

Author information

Author notes

  1. V Vijith

    Present address: School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India

  2. G K Sen

    Present address: National Council of Education Bengal, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India

  3. P Amol

    Present address: CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography Regional Centre, Visakhapatnam, India

  4. Abhisek Chatterjee & K Suprit

    Present address: ESSO-Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Hyderabad, India

  5. Siddhartha Chatterjee

    Present address: Department of Disaster Management, Government of West Bengal, Howrah, India

  6. Anwesha Basu

    Present address: Lyons Calcutta (Greater) Vidya Mandir, Kolkata, India

  7. Saranya Chakraborti

    Present address: School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India

  8. Surja Kanta Mishra

    Present address: Kharki High School, Kharki, Kheyadaha, Sonarpur, West Bengal, India

  9. Debabrata Mukherjee

    Present address: Chakbad High School (HS) Purulia, Santaldih, West Bengal, India

  10. A Mukherjee

    Present address: ESSO-National Centre for Polar and Oceanic Research, Vasco da Gama, Goa, India

  11. Soumya Mukhopadhyay

    Present address: ESSO-Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India

  12. Gopal Mondal

    Present address: Vivekananda Mission Mahavidyalaya, Haldia, West Bengal, India

  13. Aravind Kalla

    Present address: CGI Inc., Bengaluru, India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Basanti Devi College, Kolkata, 700 029, India

    Meenakshi Chatterjee

  2. School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700 032, India

    Meenakshi Chatterjee, G K Sen, P Sanyal, Siddhartha Chatterjee, Anwesha Basu, Saranya Chakraborti, Surja Kanta Mishra, Debabrata Mukherjee, Gopal Mondal & Madhumita Das

  3. CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India

    D Shankar, V Vijith, D Sundar, G S Michael, P Amol, Abhisek Chatterjee, K Suprit, A Mukherjee & Aravind Kalla

  4. Department of Mathematics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India

    Soumya Mukhopadhyay

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  1. Meenakshi Chatterjee
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Meenakshi Chatterjee: Co-PI of the project, planning the SEP and the methodology to be followed, overall supervision and logistic coordination during SEP2011 in Sectors 1 and 2, analysis and interpretation of the data, and writing of the manuscript. D Shankar: Planning the SEP and the methodology to be followed, overall supervision and logistic coordination during SEP2011 in Sector 1, analysis and interpretation of the data, and writing of the manuscript. V Vijith: Analysis and interpretation of the data, preparation of the figures, and writing of the manuscript. G K Sen: PI of the project and planning the SEP, overall supervision and logistic coordination during SEP2011 in Sector 2. D Sundar: Planning the SEP and the methodology to be followed, overall supervision and logistic coordination during SEP2011 in Sectors 1 and 2. G S Michael: Planning the SEP and the methodology to be followed, overall supervision and logistic coordination during SEP2011 in Sectors 1 and 2. P Amol: Supervision of the boat at Kalash (M3) and participation in data collection, interpretation of the data, and reviewing the manuscript draft and suggesting relevant changes that have been incorporated in the final version. Abhisek Chatterjee: Supervision of the boat at Indrapur (S1) and participation in data collection, interpretation of the data, and reviewing the manuscript draft and suggesting relevant changes that have been incorporated in the final version. P Sanyal: Planning the SEP and the methodology to be followed, and overall supervision and logistic coordination during SEP2011 in Sector 1. Siddhartha Chatterjee: Participation in overall supervision and logistic coordination during SEP2011 in Sector 1, and analysis of salinity samples on the autosal at the regional centre of CSIR-NIO in Vishakhapatnam. Anwesha Basu: Participation in overall supervision and logistic coordination during SEP2011 in Sector 1, and analysis of salinity samples on the autosal at the regional centre of CSIR-NIO in Vishakhapatnam. Saranya Chakraborti: Assistance in preparation for and participation in overall supervision during SEP2011 and logistic coordination in Sector 2, and analysis of salinity samples on the autosal at CSIR-NIO, Goa. Surja Kanta Mishra: Supervision of the boat at Kaikhali (M14) and participation in data collection, and analysis of salinity samples on the autosal at the regional centre of CSIR-NIO in Vishakhapatnam. K Suprit: Supervision of the boat at Purandar (M22) and participation in data collection, interpretation of the data, and reviewing the manuscript draft and suggesting relevant changes that have been incorporated in the final version. Debabrata Mukherjee: Participation in data collection at Kalash (M3). A Mukherjee: Supervision of the boat at Kaikhali (M14) and participation in data collection. Soumya Mukhopadhyay: Participation in data collection at Kaikhali (M14). Gopal Mondal: Analysis of salinity samples on the autosal at CSIR-NIO, Goa. Aravind Kalla: Participation in data collection at Purandar (M22). Madhumita Das: Assistance in overall supervision and logistic coordination during SEP2011.

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Correspondence to Meenakshi Chatterjee.

Additional information

Communicated by C Gnanaseelan

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Chatterjee, M., Shankar, D., Vijith, V. et al. Variation of salinity in the Sundarbans Estuarine System during the Equinoctial Spring tidal phase of March 2011. J Earth Syst Sci 130, 150 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-021-01636-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-021-01636-9

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