Abstract
This research work was mainly concerned to investigate the effect of bonding temperature on the weldability of CoCrNi MEA with SUS 304 stainless steel. Shear test and nano hardness measurements were used to evaluate the mechanical performance of the welded joints. The formation of IMCs intensified along with the bond interface when samples were treated at low bonding temperature (i.e., 925 °C) which badly affected the joint’s shear strength. Reduction in IMCs formation transpired as the bonding temperature increase, and eventually, the formation of the solid solution was instigated at the bond interface. Furthermore, at 1075 °C bonding temperature, the bond interface was almost free from IMCs and transformed to a solid solution, triggering the enhancement of the joint’s shear strength. SEM with EDX, XRD, and thermal analysis was used for microstructural examination to comprehend the interface reaction/bond formation mechanism during the welding process. Moreover, a thermodynamic description is also provided to predict the phase formation at the bond interface. In this regard, established rules (i.e., ΔHmix, ΔSmix, Ω, and δ) to determine the phase stability of HEAs were implemented which found valid in predicting the phase formation at the bond interface.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Yeh J-W, Lin S-J (2018) Breakthrough applications of high-entropy materials. J Mater Res 33(19):3129–3137
George EP, Raabe D, Ritchie RO (2019) High-entropy alloys. Nat Rev Mater 4(8):515–534
Ye YF et al (2016) High-entropy alloy: challenges and prospects. Mater Today 19(6):349–362
Lu ZP et al (2015) An assessment on the future development of high-entropy alloys: Summary from a recent workshop. Intermetallics 66:67–76
Li Z et al (2019) Mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys with emphasis on face-centered cubic alloys. Prog Mater Sci 102:296–345
Gludovatz B et al (2016) Exceptional damage-tolerance of a medium-entropy alloy CrCoNi at cryogenic temperatures. Nat Commun 7:10602
Laplanche G et al (2017) Reasons for the superior mechanical properties of medium-entropy CrCoNi compared to high-entropy CrMnFeCoNi. Acta Mater 128:292–303
Zhao Y et al (2019) Exceptional nanostructure stability and its origins in the CoCrNi-based precipitation-strengthened medium-entropy alloy. Mater Res Lett 7(4):152–158
Gan B et al (2019) Superb cryogenic strength of equiatomic CrCoNi derived from gradient hierarchical microstructure. J Mater Sci Technol 35(6):957–961
Adomako NK, Kim JH, Hyun YT (2018) High-temperature oxidation behaviour of low-entropy alloy to medium- and high-entropy alloys. J Therm Anal Calorim 133(1):13–26
Lu C et al (2019) Irradiation effects of medium-entropy alloy NiCoCr with and without pre-indentation. J Nucl Mater 524:60–66
Uzer B et al (2018) On the mechanical response and microstructure evolution of NiCoCr single crystalline medium entropy alloys. Mater Res Lett 6(8):442–449
Wu Z et al (2014) Temperature dependence of the mechanical properties of equiatomic solid solution alloys with face-centered cubic crystal structures. Acta Mater 81:428–441
He J et al (2020) On the formation of hierarchical microstructure in a Mo-doped NiCoCr medium-entropy alloy with enhanced strength-ductility synergy. Scripta Mater 175:1–6
Liu XW et al (2019) Columnar to equiaxed transition and grain refinement of cast CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy by microalloying with titanium and carbon. J Alloy Compd 775:1068–1076
Shang YY et al (2019) Solving the strength-ductility tradeoff in the medium-entropy NiCoCr alloy via interstitial strengthening of carbon. Intermetallics 106:77–87
Chang R et al (2019) Effects of tungsten additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of CoCrNi medium entropy alloys. J Alloy Compd 790:732–743
Miao J et al (2017) The evolution of the deformation substructure in a Ni-Co-Cr equiatomic solid solution alloy. Acta Mater 132:35–48
Dan Sathiaraj G et al (2018) Effect of annealing on the microstructure and texture of cold rolled CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy. Intermetallics 101:87–98
Wu Z et al (2016) Weldability of a high entropy CrMnFeCoNi alloy. Scripta Mater 124:81–85
Jo M-G et al (2018) Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded and laser welded high entropy alloy CrMnFeCoNi. Met Mater Int 24(1):73–83
Wu Z et al (2018) Microstructures and mechanical properties of a welded CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy. Sci Technol Weld Join 23(7):585–595
Nam H et al (2017) Effect of post weld heat treatment on weldability of high entropy alloy welds. Sci Technol Weld Join 23(5):420–427
Li P et al (2020) Rotary friction welding of AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high entropy alloy. J Alloys Compd 814:152322
Lin C et al (2019) Infrared brazing of CoCrFeMnNi equiatomic high entropy alloy using nickel-based braze alloys. Entropy (Basel) 21(3):283
Bridges D et al (2018) Laser brazing of a nickel-based superalloy using a Ni-Mn-Fe-Co-Cu high entropy alloy filler metal. Mater Lett 215:11–14
Lin C et al (2020) Brazing of CoCrFeNi and CoCrFeMnNi equiatomic alloys using 70Au-8Pd-22Ni filler foil. Gold Bull 53(2):101–109
Cui L et al (2014) Microstructure and mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys CoCrFeNiAl by welding. Adv Mater Res 936:1635–1640
Zherebtsov S et al (2018) Use of novel welding technologies for high-entropy alloys joining. Mater Sci Forum 941:919–924
Nam H et al (2019) Laser dissimilar weldability of cast and rolled CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloys for cryogenic applications. Sci Technol Weld Join 25(2):127–134
Zhu ZG et al (2018) Friction-stir welding of a ductile high entropy alloy: microstructural evolution and weld strength. Mater Sci Eng A 711:524–532
Zhu ZG et al (2017) Friction stir welding of a CoCrFeNiAl0.3 high entropy alloy. Mater Lett 205:142–144
Kashaev N et al (2018) Laser beam welding of a CoCrFeNiMn-type high entropy alloy produced by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. Intermetallics 96:63–71
Liu Y (2017) Interfacial behavior and joint performance of high-entropy alloy CoCrFeMnNi and pure Cu joints obtained by vacuum diffusion welding. J Mech Eng 53(2):84
Li P et al (2020) Diffusion bonding of AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high entropy alloy to TiAl alloy. J Mater Sci Technol 45:59–69
Lei Y et al (2020) Vacuum diffusion bonding of high-entropy Al0.85CoCrFeNi alloy to TiAl intermetallic. J Mater Process Technol 278:116455
Li P et al (2020) Diffusion bonding of AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high entropy alloy to GH4169 superalloy. Mater Sci Eng A 793:139843
Peng Y et al (2021) Microstructure and mechanical properties of diffusion bonded joints of high-entropy alloy Al5(HfNbTiZr)95 and TC4 titanium alloy. J Market Res 11:1741–1752
Du YJ et al (2021) Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of diffusion bonding Al5(TiZrHfNb)95 refractory high entropy alloy to Ti2AlNb alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 802:140610
Xiong J et al (2019) Diffusion bonding of nickel-based superalloy GH4099 with pure nickel interlayer. J Mater Sci 54(8):6552–6564
Yuan L et al (2020) Microstructure and mechanical properties in the solid-state diffusion bonding joints of Ni3Al based superalloy. Mater Sci Eng A 772:138670
Clark DE, Mizia RE (2012) Diffusion welding of alloys for molten salt service – status report. USA
Cox MJ, Carpenter RW, Kim MJ (2002) Interface nanochemistry effects on stainless steel diffusion bonding. Metall Mater Trans A 33(2):437–442
Ohashi O, Kaieda Y (1990) Hot isostatic pressing of diffusion bonds in SUS 304 stainless steel. Weld Int 4(1):35–41
Wen D et al (2020) Diffusion bonding of copper and 304 stainless steel with an interlayer of CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy. Acta Metall Sin 56(8):1084–1090
Kejanli H (2020) Diffusion welding of stainless steel 304L/Monel K-500 composite materials produced with different methods. Adv Compos Lett 29:2633366X2091798
Ramesh G et al (2017) Exploration of diffusion welding of AISI 304 stainless steel plates. Int J Adv Res Ideas Innov Technol 3:568–572
An N et al (2020) High temperature strengthening via nanoscale precipitation in wrought CoCrNi-based medium-entropy alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 798:140213
Lu Y et al (2014) A promising new class of high-temperature alloys: eutectic high-entropy alloys. Sci Rep 4:6200
Feng K et al (2020) Corrosion properties of laser cladded CrCoNi medium entropy alloy coating. Surf Coat Technol 397:126004
Wang J et al (2020) Corrosion behavior of CoCrNi medium-entropy alloy compared with 304 stainless steel in H2SO4 and NaOH solutions. Corros Sci 177:108973
Vigraman T, Ravindran D, Narayanasamy R (2012) Effect of phase transformation and intermetallic compounds on the microstructure and tensile strength properties of diffusion-bonded joints between Ti–6Al–4V and AISI 304L. Mater Des (1980-2015) 36:714–727
Song T et al (2016) The interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of diffusion-bonded joints of 316L stainless steel and the 4J29 Kovar alloy using nickel as an interlayer. Metals 6(11):263
Fang YJ et al (2019) Microstructure and mechanical properties of the vacuum diffusion bonding joints of 4J29 kovar alloy and 316L stainless steel using pure cobalt interlayer. Vacuum 168:108847
Bormann F, Peerlings RHJ, Geers MGD (2019) On the competition between dislocation transmission and crack nucleation at phase boundaries. Eur J Mech - A/Solids 78:103842
Gao S et al (2020) Effect of incoherent phase boundary on fracture mechanism of sintered Nd-Fe-B alloy. Intermetallics 125:106866
Srisuwan N et al (2016) The study of heat treatment effects on chromium carbide precipitation of 35Cr-45Ni-Nb alloy for repairing furnace tubes. Metals 6(1):26
Shun T-T (2009) Du, and Yu-Chin, Age hardening of the Al0.3CoCrFeNiC0.1 high entropy alloy. J Alloys Compd 478(1):269–272
Kamp K, Heiko (2001) Thermodynamic studies on chromium carbides by the electromotive force (emf) method. J Alloys Compd 321(1):138–145
Li ZK et al (2015) Atomic interaction mechanism for designing the interface of W/Zr-based bulk metallic glass composites. Sci Rep 5:8967
Zhang YY et al (2012) Rapid growth and magnetic properties of Fe7CO3 intermetallic compound. Appl Mech Mater 152–154:501–506
Ding H et al (2020) The effect of Tb doping on the magnetic properties and microstructure of a TbNdFeCoB/Fe7Co3nanocomposite permanent magnet. Mater Res Exp 7(1):016112
da Silva MTP et al (2020) Synthesis of Fe2SiO4-Fe7Co3 nanocomposite dispersed in the mesoporous SBA-15: application as magnetically separable adsorbent. Molecules 25(4):1016
Liu X et al (2020) Formation of nano-phase Co3Fe7 intermetallic and its strengthening in Au80Sn20/CrMnFeCoNi solder interface. J Alloys Compd 843:155924
Yang X, Zhang Y (2012) Prediction of high-entropy stabilized solid-solution in multi-component alloys. Mater Chem Phys 132(2–3):233–238
Qin G et al (2019) Grain refinement and FCC phase formation in AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloys by the addition of carbon. Materialia 6:100259
Takeuchi A, Inoue A (2005) Classification of bulk metallic glasses by atomic size difference, heat of mixing and period of constituent elements and its application to characterization of the main alloying element. Mater Trans 46(12):2817–2829
Egami T, Waseda Y (1984) Atomic size effect on the formability of metallic glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids 64(1):113–134
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Recommended for publication by Commission XVII - Brazing, Soldering and Diffusion Bonding.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Samiuddin, M., Li, J., Chandio, A.D. et al. Diffusion welding of CoCrNi medium entropy alloy (MEA) and SUS 304 stainless steel at different bonding temperatures. Weld World 65, 2193–2206 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-021-01165-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-021-01165-5