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Comparative morphology of female terminalia of Calliopum Strand, 1928, Lauxania Latreille, 1804 (Diptera, Lauxaniidae) and allies

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Abstract

The relationships among lauxaniid genera Calliopum Strand, 1928, Lauxania Latreille, 1804 and related species from genus Sapromyza Fallen, 1820 are not fully understood. In this work, we provide a detailed morphological study of terminalia of selected species along with Bayesian phylogenetical analysis of DNA sequences of 4 gene fragments (16 S rRNA, 28 S rRNA, EF1-alpha and COI). Females of Calliopum have a characteristic structure of their terminalia with the exception of C. geniculatum (Fabricius,1805), which is almost identical to L. siciliana Merz, 2001 and L. bilobata Merz, 2001. Female terminalia of L. cylindricornis are rigid and fairly complex, in L. minor Martinek, 1974 they are simple and rigid and in L. albomaculata Strobl, 1909 they are membranous and retractable. In phylogenetic analysis, L. cylindricornis (Fabricius, 1794) clusters with Calliopum with high support. Lauxania minor appears to be sister to Sapromyza columbi Frey, 1936, an endemic species to the Canary Islands, however, support is very weak. Lauxania albomaculata clusters with S. schnabli Papp, 1987 with low support. S. madeirensis Frey, 1949, endemic to Madeira, falls well within Minettia fasciata species group. Our results support the non-monophyly of Lauxania, with the subgenera Callixania Papp, 1978 and Czernushka Shatalkin, 2000 being divergent in terms of DNA sequences from Lauxania s. str. The affinities of Calliopum geniculatum remain equivocal, yet seem to be closer to Lauxania s. str. Suggested systematic changes: Czernushka albomaculata (Strobl, 1909) comb. n, Callixania minor (Martinek,1974) comb. n, Callixania martineki (Shatalkin, 1999) comb. n, Minettia madeirensis (Frey, 1949) comb. n.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Jindřich Roháček for his magnificent photographs and provision of C. geniculatum and. L. albomaculata for DNA extraction and discussions, and to Martin Ebejer and Stephen D. Gaimari for their help during preparation of the manuscript. The authors also thank to the reviewers whose comments gretly improved the manuscript.

Funding

The research was co-financed with the European Fund for Regional Development (EFRD) ITMS2014 + 313021W683: “DNA barcoding of Slovakia (SK-BOL), as a part of international initiative International Barcode of Life (iBOL)”.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Zoology SAV, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 06, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Marek Semelbauer & Ján Kočišek

  2. Mariánské Lázně, Czech Republic

    Kateřina Dvořáková

  3. Department of Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovakia

    Ján Kočišek

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  1. Marek Semelbauer
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  2. Kateřina Dvořáková
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  3. Ján Kočišek
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The first author has writen the text, prepared the figures and performed the phylogenetic analysis. The second author contributed to the study conception and design, provided the material and commented on the manuscript. The third author performed the DNA extraction and amplification and reviewed the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Marek Semelbauer.

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Semelbauer, M., Dvořáková, K. & Kočišek, J. Comparative morphology of female terminalia of Calliopum Strand, 1928, Lauxania Latreille, 1804 (Diptera, Lauxaniidae) and allies. Biologia 76, 3355–3369 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00825-7

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