One-pot green synthesis of Au-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles from Lawsonia inermis seed extract and its catalytic reduction of environmental polluted methyl orange and 4-nitrophenol
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have occupied the centre of scientific attention due to their fascinating chemical, optical, and electronic properties [1]. The synthesis of MNPs under the environmentally benign condition is of greater importance to address growing concerns for medicinal and biotechnological applications [2]. Physico-Chemical approaches are the most popular methods for the synthesis of MNPs but most of these methods cannot keep away from the use of toxic chemicals [3]. Biological synthesis of MNPs is vouched based on the fulfilment of the necessity to develop a clean, non-toxic, and efficient method compared to other techniques [4,5]. Recently, phytochemicals based green synthesized MNPs have been used in various potential applications [6,7]. Most of the researchers focus on the several plants/plant parts extract for the synthesis of MNPs and use it for a variety of potential applications. Particularly gold, silver, platinum, and palladium NPs are widely used in our daily life using materials like cosmetic products, toothpaste, pharmacological carrier substances, paints, clothes, etc. The MNPs is also used for medical and pharmaceutical products, catalysis, sensors, electronics, and environmental remediation [8,9].
Comparing both monometallic and bimetallic NPs (BNPs), the BNPs have great attention due to bi-functional properties generated from each metal constituent or enhanced properties or even new properties with high potential applications [10]. Specifically, the Au-Ag BNPs have drawn attention due to their unique properties [11,12]. The BNPs used as nanocatalyst in the removal of dyes and other organic pollutants from the environment and wastewater is gaining significant interest [13]. The stability of the NPs has more important and also should not have any agglomeration during their formation. To achieve greater stability, maximum yield, and aggregation of particles with controlled size, it is imperative to optimize the different parameters used in the green synthesis of NPs [14]. Green synthesis of Au-Ag BNPs using various plants such as Chinese wolfberry [11], Stigmaphyllon ovatum [15], Trapa [16], and Guazuma ulmifolia [17] extract has been previously reported.
Lawsonia inermis (L.inermis) commonly called henna (family: Lythraceae) is world widely used over the centuries for medical and cosmetic purposes. Henna extracts exhibit various pharmaceutical properties such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, and hepatoprotective activity [18,19]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation to develop a polygonal, spherical and irregular shaped Au-Ag BNPs was synthesized using the aqueous fraction of L.inermis seed extract (AF-LSE) by the ultrasound-assisted method. We have studied the optimum conditions on the effects of various reaction parameters on the green synthesis of Au-Ag BNPs. Further, the synthesized Au-Ag BNPs were characterized by various spectral instrumental techniques. Moreover, we had evaluated the efficiency of prepared Au-Ag BNPs using a green catalyst in the reduction/degradation reaction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and methyl orange (MO) dye polluting the environment in the presence of NaBH4 using UV-Vis light source.
Section snippets
Extraction of Lawsonia inermis seed
About 200 grams of freshly collected L.inermis seeds was taken in 1000 ml round bottom flask and extracted with increasing order of non-polar to polar solvents such as n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and triple distilled water (AF-LSE). Each solvent was individually refluxed at 80°C for 1 hr and obtained the extract was filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper and collected separately. All the filtrate was concentrated by a rotary evaporator to obtain the residues. The
Results and discussion
L. inermis has been widely used over the centuries for medical and cosmetic purposes and is believed to give healthy and beautiful hair and to reduce body temperature in cases of high fever. Its bark and seeds are used in Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medicines. Henna has been used cosmetically and medicinally for over 9,000 years. Indian women use it as a fashion on every occasion to dye their hair, decorate their palms, and nails and men also use to dye their hair, beard, etc. The seed extract
Conclusion
For the first time, herein we have reported a simple and greener method for the synthesis of Au-Ag BNPs using the aqueous fraction of L.inermis seed extract with ultrasonication. The reaction conditions of synthesized BNPs such as the volume of extract, metal ions concentration, pH, and temperature were investigated to determine the optimum conditions for more stable Au-Ag BNPs. Further, the synthesized Au-Ag BNPs were characterized by UV–vis, FT-IR, XRD, and HR-TEM with SAED analysis. Under
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Department of Physics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Tirunelveli-12, Tamil Nadu, India, for carrying out in this research work regarding XRD analysis. The authors are grateful acknowledge to the School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai for TEM with SAED characterization.
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