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Temporal organization among pollination systems in a tropical seasonal forest

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Abstract

Temporal constancy of pollination systems is essential for the maintenance of pollinators through time. Community-level assessment of flowering phenology allows understanding variations across seasons and years and the risks of decoupling flowering and pollinators’ activity. We evaluated flowering patterns and temporal diversity of pollination systems in a tropical seasonal forest. We asked whether the temporal organization of flowering times differs among pollination systems; if there is a constancy of pollination systems through the year, since climate and phylogenies constraint flowering time; if there is a prevalent flowering pattern by pollination system, and if the temporal organization of pollination systems by modularity analyses is coherent with grouping by pre-defined seasons. We characterized 10 pollination systems, examined flowering strategies, climate cues and phylogenetic constraints. Pollination by large-to-medium bees dominated (49.2%), followed by diverse insects (22.1%) and flies (14.7%). The remaining systems represented 14% of species. Flowering occurred year-round for most pollination systems, predominating the seasonal flowering strategy. Flowering patterns ranged from aggregated to nested, and random. Climate affected the flowering of most pollination systems, but there was no phylogeny constraint. Modularity grouped pollination systems differently than rainfall seasonality. Contrasting the expectations of reduced temporal constancy, most systems were present year-round, facilitating the exploitation of floral resources by pollinators. Diversity of pollination systems remained constant despite climate seasonality, indicating that several factors influence the optimum flowering time for pollination in seasonally dry vegetations. Global warming may disrupt phenological patterns and the temporal organization of plant communities, a matter for future studies.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are most grateful to HF Leitão Filho for plant identification and Fundação José Pedro de Oliveira for allowing access to the Reserva Municipal de Santa Genebra. We thank VB Zipparro, M Galetti and DW Carstensen for comments on earlier versions of the manuscript and BL Monteiro for help with the final organization of community pollination surveys.

Funding

Financial support:

São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) and Coordenation of High Education (CAPES) Financial code 1). JG received a fellowship from the FAPESP (#2008/54103–7), LPCM received a fellowship from the CAPES and Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). PG, MS, IS and LPCM received research productivity fellowships from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Fenologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, CP 199, 13506-900, Brazil

    Julieta Genini & Leonor Patrícia Cerdeira Morellato

  2. Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil

    Paulo R. Guimarães Jr

  3. Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, CEP Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil

    Marlies Sazima

  4. Museu de Diversidade Biológica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, CP 6109, 13083-970, Brazil

    Ivan Sazima

Authors
  1. Julieta Genini
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  2. Paulo R. Guimarães Jr
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  3. Marlies Sazima
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  4. Ivan Sazima
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  5. Leonor Patrícia Cerdeira Morellato
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Contributions

JG, PG and LPCM design the study, LPCM, MS and IS collected the data, JG and PG analysed the data, JG wrote the first draft and all authors contributed and approved the final version.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leonor Patrícia Cerdeira Morellato.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Communicated by: Tatjana Cornelissen.

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Genini, J., Guimarães, P.R., Sazima, M. et al. Temporal organization among pollination systems in a tropical seasonal forest. Sci Nat 108, 34 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-021-01744-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-021-01744-y

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