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Characteristics of nanocellulose crystals from balsa and kapok fibers at different ammonium persulfate concentrations

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Abstract

Balsa and kapok fibers are by-products of community plantations. Both fibers have not been optimally utilized in Indonesia. The high holocellulose content and low lignin content of these fibers indicate the potential to be used as a nanocellulose raw material with a simple extraction. The objective of this study was to extract cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from balsa and kapok fibers through a direct extraction without pre-treatment. CNCs from balsa and kapok fibers were prepared by a one-step procedure with ammonium persulfate solution (APS) at concentrations of 1, 1.5, and 2 mol/L. The CNCs were characterized by determining their morphology, functional groups, crystallinity, and thermal stability using transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The results showed that the diameter of the CNCs was in the range of 1.25–11.87 nm depending on the APS concentration and the fiber type. APS dissolved the lignin and hemicellulose, which led to an increase in the CNCs crystallinity with an increasing APS concentration. The decrease in the thermal stability of the CNCs was thought to be due to the increase in the surface area of the particles and the presence of carboxyl groups in the CNCs. This research revealed that balsa and kapok fibers could be used as raw materials to produce nanocellulose in one-step using ammonium persulfate.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Deputy of Strengthening for Research and Development, Ministry of Research and Technology/National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia due to this financial support for this research with a scheme of the Master Program of Education Leading to Doctoral Degree for Excellent Graduates (PMDSU) (No.4123/IT3.L1/PN/2020) and WCR (No. 2345 /IT3.L1/PN/2021). We would like to thank to the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Biomaterials Research Center for support TGA analysis. This study was also supported by the Science and Technology Support Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) (NRF-2019K1A3A9A01000018), and the Basic Science Research Program through the NRF, funded by the Ministry of Education (No.2016R1D1A1B01008339 and No.2018R1A6A1A03025582).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, Indonesia

    Marwanto Marwanto, Muhammad Iqbal Maulana, Fauzi Febrianto, Nyoman J. Wistara & Lukmanul Hakim Zaini

  2. Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, Indonesia

    Siti Nikmatin

  3. Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia

    Nanang Masruchin

  4. Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea

    Seung-Hwan Lee & Nam Hun Kim

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  1. Marwanto Marwanto
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Correspondence to Fauzi Febrianto or Nam Hun Kim.

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Marwanto, M., Maulana, M.I., Febrianto, F. et al. Characteristics of nanocellulose crystals from balsa and kapok fibers at different ammonium persulfate concentrations. Wood Sci Technol 55, 1319–1335 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-021-01319-0

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