Zircon as a recorder of contrasting magma recharge and eruptive recurrence patterns

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117104

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Volume 571, 1 October 2021, 117104

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117104 Get rights and content

Highlights

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Zircon chemistry tracks recurrent vs. episodic eruption patterns.
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Thermochemical modeling reveals size and state of recent magma systems.
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Larger, peak-stage Mt. Hasan system thermally buffered in “warm” storage.
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Smaller, waning-stage “cold” Mt. Erciyes system responsive to variable magma input.
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Zircon nucleation and growth sensitive recorders of changes in magma recharge.

Abstract

Contrasting Late Pleistocene–Holocene eruptive behavior observed for Mt. Hasan and Mt. Erciyes, two neighboring stratovolcanic complexes in Central Anatolia, Turkey, poses general questions on the size and nature of magma systems underlying active volcanoes. Here, we complement U–Th–Pb zircon rim and interior crystallization ages for >1000 crystals from these volcanoes with trace element analyses on the same spots to unravel their magmatic histories. Thermochemical modeling of zircon crystallization is applied to quantify contrasting magma recharge and storage regimes.

Both Mt. Hasan and Mt. Erciyes are characterized by protracted magmatic and volcanic activity since the Middle Pleistocene that is evident from individual crystals and crystal populations. However, zircon records contrasting thermochemical evolutions for both systems: Mt. Hasan with a history of recurrent eruptions throughout the Late Pleistocene exhibits comparatively narrow ranges of Ti-in-zircon crystallization temperatures and differentiation indices such as Zr/Hf ratios as well as Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*) over the last ca. 300 ka. On the contrary, these parameters fluctuate over broader ranges for Mt. Erciyes, where relatively primitive zircon interiors nucleated during two major eruptive activity phases at ca. 105–85 and ca. 9 ka, whereas zircon rims evolved to more differentiated compositions during the protracted eruptive lull in between.

The contrasting zircon record is interpreted to mirror a protracted thermochemical steady-state of the Mt. Hasan magma system, but fluctuating conditions in Mt. Erciyes due to recharge rate variations. Zircon ages are modeled with integrated magma recharge rates of ∼1–0.5 km³/ka for Mt. Hasan, but only ∼0.1 km³/ka for Mt. Erciyes, indicating “warm” magma storage under eruptible conditions for Mt. Hasan, but “cold” magma storage below the rheological lockup temperature for Mt. Erciyes. The smaller volume of the Mt. Erciyes subsurface plumbing system contrasts with its larger edifice volume, suggesting that the volcano has reached a waning stage where episodically intensified magma recharge can trigger violent eruptions. The early Holocene resurgence of Mt. Erciyes may be in response to glacial unloading, whereas the peak-stage Mt. Hasan system may be less responsive to changes in magma recharge due to thermal buffering by a voluminous magma reservoir.

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Understanding magma evolution and storage conditions is an indispensable prerequisite to elucidate eruptive behavior and thus, ultimately, volcanic hazards. Crystal mush-dominated transcrustal magmatic plumbing systems are widely regarded to form by prolonged, pulsed magma injection (e.g., Cashman et al., 2017, and references therein). The current state of these magmatic systems can, although with limited spatial resolution, be imaged by geophysical methods (e.g., Magee et al., 2018). However, their evolution through time, in particular with respect to the debate of protracted “cold” magma storage below the rheological lockup temperature of a crystal mush (Cooper and Kent, 2014) vs. “warm” magma storage under eruptible conditions (Barboni et al., 2016), can only be inferred from geological and geochemical records. For intermediate to evolved magmas, zircon is uniquely suited to record their thermochemical conditions as its crystallization is protracted, and diffusive re-equilibration is insignificant for zircon even when stored at magmatic temperatures for extended timescales (e.g., Schmitt, 2011). To interpret this record in terms of magma evolution and storage conditions, empirical zircon crystallization age spectra can be compared to synthetic ones generated by varying parameters such as magma volume and recharge rates in model scenarios of magma accumulation in upper crustal settings that are open for recharge of hot, zircon-undersaturated magma (Bindeman and Melnik, 2016; Caricchi et al., 2014; Tierney et al., 2016). Geothermometric data have been employed only very recently to refine such models (Lukács et al., 2021; Weber et al., 2020).

Here, we investigate two neighboring stratovolcanoes, Mt. Hasan and Mt. Erciyes (Turkey), formed in the post-collisional setting of late Quaternary volcanism within the Anatolian continental microplate, and complement published secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) U–Th–Pb zircon rim and interior crystallization ages for >1000 crystals (Friedrichs et al., 2020c) with new trace element analyses on the same spots to unravel their magmatic histories, including Ti-in-zircon geothermometry. Applying the same methods and techniques to zircon from these two volcanoes mitigates bias and can uniquely reveal different styles of zircon crystallization that reflect on pre-eruptive crystallization and storage conditions. These data are the basis for comparative thermochemical modeling of zircon crystallization to reconstruct different magma recharge histories, indicating that different eruptive recurrence and styles are controlled by the thermal inertia of subvolcanic magma reservoirs where “cold” and “warm” storage are end-members related to waxing, peak, and waning stages in a volcano's evolution.

Section snippets

Regional setting and volcanostratigraphy

Mt. Hasan and Mt. Erciyes, separated by ∼120 km, are the two largest stratovolcanic complexes of the post-collisional Central Anatolian Volcanic Province (CAVP; Fig. 1) where widespread ignimbrites erupted between ca. 10 and ca. 2.5 Ma (Aydar et al., 2012). Quaternary activity within the CAVP mainly produced basaltic and compositionally bimodal volcanic fields as well as polygenetic cones. Both Mt. Hasan and Mt. Erciyes are located on major strike-slip faults within the trans-tensional tectonic

Samples and study design

Thirty-nine volcanic rock samples, predominantly lava and composite pumice, were collected at Mt. Hasan and Mt. Erciyes (Friedrichs et al., 2020c, 37 samples; Schmitt et al., 2014, two samples), targeting the stratigraphically and morphologically youngest units (Supplementary Table A.1). After crushing, disc-milling, sieving (<125 μm), and hydrodynamic enrichment, zircon crystals were hand-picked under a binocular microscope, and Fe–Ti oxide minerals extracted by magnetic separation. Zircon

Zircon geochronology

Individual sub- to euhedral zircon crystals of both Mt. Hasan and Mt. Erciyes display typical magmatic features of oscillatory and sector zonation in CL (Figs. 2, B.2–3). SIMS depth profiling of zircon rims (Table A.2) generally indicates continuous crystallization at linear growth rates of ∼0.05–2 μm/ka, with significant intra-crystal variability observed only for Mt. Erciyes. Intra- and inter-crystal variability in zircon U concentrations is minor for Mt. Hasan (∼100–600 ppm) compared to Mt.

Contrasting zircon thermochemical records in two adjacent volcanoes

Zircon age patterns for rims and interiors as well as corresponding melt differentiation indices are clearly distinct for Mt. Hasan and Mt. Erciyes (Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5), despite similarities in tectonic setting (e.g., Dilek and Sandvol, 2009) and composition (e.g., Aydar and Gourgaud, 1998; Şen et al., 2003). Moreover, both data sets were acquired under identical conditions, so that sampling or instrumental bias is largely mitigated. There are, however, clear differences in eruptive

Conclusions

A combination of zircon petrochronology data and thermochemical modeling was applied to unravel contrasting magma storage conditions governing distinct eruptive behaviors of two neighboring, long-lived, and active stratovolcanoes in very similar tectonic settings. Mt. Hasan, revealed to be still in its peak stage, is underlain by a large, thermally inert magma system as evident in time-invariant zircon crystallization temperature and trace element concentration ranges, and characterized by

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Bjarne Friedrichs: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft. Axel K. Schmitt: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing. Oscar M. Lovera: Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing. Gokhan Atıcı: Funding

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

We thank Anne Sturm for help with zircon separation, Andreas Kronz for supervising EMP analysis, John Hora for guidance through Fe–Ti oxide data evaluation, and Alejandro Cisneros de León for comments on an early version of the manuscript. This work was supported by DFG (German Research Foundation) grant SCHM2521/3-1, MTA (General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey), and a DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) doctoral scholarship to BF. Maps were created using ArcGIS®

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Citation Excerpt :
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Zircon as a recorder of contrasting magma recharge and eruptive recurrence patterns

Highlights

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Regional setting and volcanostratigraphy

Samples and study design

Zircon geochronology

Contrasting zircon thermochemical records in two adjacent volcanoes

Conclusions

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Declaration of Competing Interest

Acknowledgements

J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.

J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.

Chem. Geol.

Lithos

Earth-Sci. Rev.

Quat. Geochronol.

J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.

J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.

Quat. Geochronol.

Quat. Sci. Rev.

Data Brief

Comput. Geosci.

Geochemistry

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.

Quat. Sci. Rev.

J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.

J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.

J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.

Repeated rhyolite eruption from heterogeneous hot zones embedded within a cool, shallow magma reservoir

J. Geophys. Res., Solid Earth

Curie point depth investigation of central Anatolia, Turkey

Pure Appl. Geophys.

Mg/Mn partitioning as a test for equilibrium between coexisting Fe-Ti oxides

Am. Mineral.

Warm storage for arc magmas

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA

Zircon survival, rebirth and recycling during crustal melting, magma crystallization, and mixing based on numerical modelling

J. Petrol.