Abstract
Continuous use of chemical fertilizers is detrimental to soil health and crop productivity. Therefore, we need to recycle the agroresidues in the valorized form (e.g., biochar or compost) to improve soil quality while maintaining crop yield. This study compares different nutrient management practices using varied dose combinations of biochar/compost for sustainable production of rice. We present the results from a controlled environment study under nine different nutrient management options to assess the effect of a novel legume biochar fertilizer compared with legume-derived compost. Our results suggest that a relatively smaller dose of soil test-based balanced fertilization (75% of required nutrients) added with novel biochar (25% nutrient equivalence) is the best combination in nutrient-poor vertisols of semi-arid tropics. The yield benefits from novel biochar fertilizer might find relevance to similar total–N content to compost, although there are noticeable differences in other macronutrients, secondary, and micronutrients. The surface area and C:N ratio are significantly higher for biochar (i.e., 4.47 m2g−1; 37.68) than that of compost (i.e., 0.87m2g−1; 10.5) which provides a boost to rhizospheric interactions resulting in higher plant nutrient uptake resulting in improved plant growth attributes at lower doses. In addition, integrated biochar with mineral fertilizers improves soil organic carbon at the harvest of paddy by 44–54% than sole mineral fertilizer compared to a meager increase (10–15%) in compost. This study suggests a novel alternative (as legume biochar fertilizer) to compost that can have policy implications for developing a carbon-negative fertilization technique in paddy farming.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abrol I, Gupta R (2019) Climate change-land degradation-food security nexus: addressing India’s challenge. J Agron Res 2:17–35. https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-19-3015
Adamou A, Bationo A, Tabo R, Koala S (2007) Improving soil fertility through the use of organic and inorganic plant nutrient and crop rotation in Niger. In: Advances in integrated soil fertility management in sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and opportunities. Springer, Netherlands pp 589–598
Agegnehu G, Bass AM, Nelson PN, Muirhead B, Wright G, Bird MI (2015) Biochar and biochar-compost as soil amendments: effects on peanut yield, soil properties and greenhouse gas emissions in tropical North Queensland, Australia. Agric Ecosyst Environ 213:72–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.07.027
Agegnehu G, Srivastava AK, Bird MI (2017) The role of biochar and biochar-compost in improving soil quality and crop performance: a review. Appl Soil Ecol 119:156–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.06.008
Al-Qodah Z, Shawabkah R (2009) Production and characterization of granular activated carbon from activated sludge. Brazilian J Chem Eng 26:127–136. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-66322009000100012
Ali I, He L, Ullah S, Quan Z, Wei S, Iqbal A, Munsif F, Shah T, Xuan Y, Luo Y, Tianyuan L, Ligeng J (2020) Biochar addition coupled with nitrogen fertilization impacts on soil quality, crop productivity, and nitrogen uptake under double-cropping system. Food Energy Secur. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.208
Amoah-Antwi C, Kwiatkowska-Malina J, Thornton SF, Fenton O, Malina G, Szara E (2020) Restoration of soil quality using biochar and brown coal waste: a review. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137852
ASTM D1762 – 84 (2013) Standard test method for chemical analysis of wood charcoal. Available via DIALOG. https://www.astm.org/Standards/D1762.htm.
Baldwin KR, Shelton JE (1999) Availability of heavy metals in compost-amended soil. Bioresour Technol 69:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00174-6
Batista EMCC, Shultz J, Matos TTS, Fornari MR, Ferreira TM, Szpoganicz B, De Freitas RA, Mangrich AS (2018) Effect of surface and porosity of biochar on water holding capacity aiming indirectly at preservation of the Amazon biome. Sci Rep 8:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28794-z
Budai A, Wang L, Gronli M, Strand LT, Antal MJ, Abiven S, Dieguez-Alonso A, Anca-Couce A, Rasse DP (2014) Surface properties and chemical composition of corncob and miscanthus biochars: Effects of production temperature and method. J Agric Food Chem 62:3791–3799. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf501139f
Cagnon B, Py X, Guillot A, Stoeckli F, Chambat G (2009) Contributions of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin to the mass and the porous properties of chars and steam activated carbons from various lignocellulosic precursors. Bioresour Technol 100:292–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.06.009
Chander G, Wani SP, Gopalakrishnan S, Mahapatra A, Chaudhury S, Pawar CS, Kaushal M, Rao AVRK (2018) Microbial consortium culture and vermi-composting technologies for recycling on-farm wastes and food production. Int J Recycl Org Waste Agric 7:99–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-018-0195-9
Chen T, Zhang Y, Wang H, Lu W, Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Ren L (2014) Influence of pyrolysis temperature on characteristics and heavy metal adsorptive performance of biochar derived from municipal sewage sludge. Bioresour Technol 164:47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.048
Chen Y, Wang M, Ouwerkerk PBF (2012) Molecular and environmental factors determining grain quality in rice. Food Energy Secur 1:111–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.11
Darlington RB, Weinberg SL, Walberg HJ (1973) Canonical variate analysis and related techniques. Rev Educ Res 43:433–454. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543043004433
Darmstadt H, Pantea D, Sümmchen L, Roland U, Kaliaguine S, Roy C (2000) Surface and bulk chemistry of charcoal obtained by vacuum pyrolysis of bark: influence of feedstock moisture content. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 53:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2370(99)00051-0
De Melo CA, De Oliveira LK, Goveia D, Fraceto LF, Rosa AH (2014) Enrichment of tropical peat with micronutrients for agricultural applications: evaluation of adsorption and desorption processes. J Braz Chem Soc 25:36–49. https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20130265
Dhaliwal SS, Naresh RK, Mandal A, Singh R, Dhaliwal MK (2019) Dynamics and transformations of micronutrients in agricultural soils as influenced by organic matter build-up: a review. Environ Sustain Indic 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2019.100007
Ding Y, Liu Y, Liu S, Li Z, Tan X, Huang X, Zeng G, Zhou L, Zheng B (2016) Biochar to improve soil fertility. A review. Agron Sustain Dev. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-016-0372-z
Domingues RR, Trugilho PF, Silva CA, De Melo ICNA, Melo LCA, Magriotis ZM, Sánchez-Monedero MA (2017) Properties of biochar derived from wood and high-nutrient biomasses with the aim of agronomic and environmental benefits. PLoS ONE 12:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176884
Dong D, Wang C, Van Zwieten L, Wang H, Jiang P, Zhou M, Wu W (2020) An effective biochar-based slow-release fertilizer for reducing nitrogen loss in paddy fields. J Soils Sediments 20:3027–3040. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02401-8
El-Naggar A, El-Naggar AH, Shaheen SM, Sarkar B, Chang SX, Tsang DCW, Rinklebe J, Ok YS (2019) Biochar composition-dependent impacts on soil nutrient release, carbon mineralization, and potential environmental risk: a review. J Environ Manage 241:458–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.044
Gao L, Wang R, Shen G, Zhang J, Meng G, Zhang J (2017) Effects of biochar on nutrients and the microbial community structure of tobacco-planting soils. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 17:884–896. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162017000400004
Gopalakrishnan G, Burken JG, Werth CJ (2009) Lignin and lipid impact on sorption and diffusion of trichloroethylene in tree branches for determining contaminant fate during plant sampling and phytoremediation. Environ Sci Technol 43:5732–5738. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9006417
Gornall J, Betts R, Burke E, Clark R, Camp J, Willett K, Wiltshire A (2010) Implications of climate change for agricultural productivity in the early twenty-first century. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 365:2973–2989. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0158
Govindarajan V (2014) Low-cost portable Kiln for biochar production. In: Biochar Research Bulletin March 2018. ICAR-CRIDA. Available via DIALOG. http://icar-crida.res.in/Pubs/Biochar Research Bulletin March 2018.
Gul S, Lu F (2014) Lignin controls on soil ecosystem services: implications for biotechnological advances in biofuel crops. In: Lignin: structural analysis, applications in biomaterials and ecological significance, Nova Science, New York, p. 419
Guo B, Liang Y, Li Z, Han F (2009) Phosphorus adsorption and bioavailability in a paddy soil amended with pig manure compost and decaying rice straw. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 40:2185–2199. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620902960666
Hoque T, Jahan I, Islam M, Ahmed M (2019) Performance of different organic fertilizers in improving growth and yield of boro rice. SAARC J Agric 16:153–166. https://doi.org/10.3329/sja.v16i2.40267
Ibrahim MM, Tong C, Hu K, Zhou B, Xing S, Mao Y (2020) Biochar-fertilizer interaction modifies N-sorption, enzyme activities and microbial functional abundance regulating nitrogen retention in rhizosphere soil. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140065
Islam M, Halder M, Siddique MAB, Razir SAA, Sikder S, Joardar JC (2019) Banana peel biochar as alternative source of potassium for plant productivity and sustainable agriculture. Int J Recycl Org Waste Agric 8:407–413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-019-00313-8
Jones JBJ, Wolf B, Mills HA (1991) Plant analysis handbook. A practical sampling, preparation, analysis, and interpretation guide. Micro-Macro Publishing, USA
Kaur P, Pal P, Virdi AS, Kaur A, Singh N, Mahajan G (2016) Protein and starch characteristics of milled rice from different cultivars affected by transplantation date. J Food Sci Technol 53:3186–3196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-016-2293-x
Kizito S, Luo H, Lu J, Bah H, Dong R, Wu S (2019) Role of nutrient-enriched biochar as a soil amendment during maize growth: exploring practical alternatives to recycle agricultural residuals and to reduce chemical fertilizer demand. Sustain. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113211
Kloss S, Zehetner F, Dellantonio A, Hamid R, Ottner F, Liedtke V, Schwanninger M, Gerzabek MH, Soja G (2012) Characterization of slow pyrolysis biochars: effects of feedstocks and pyrolysis temperature on biochar properties. J Environ Qual 41:990–1000. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0070
Kochba M, Ritvo G, Avnimelech Y (2004) The effect of municipal solid waste compost (MSW) on the replacement of sodium in sodic soil models. Soil Sci 169:567–572. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-16202013000300010
Kuzyakov Y, Friedel JK, Stahr K (2000) Review of mechanisms and quantification of priming effects. Soil Biol Biochem 32:1485–1498. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00084-5
Lal R (2010) Managing soils and ecosystems for mitigating anthropogenic carbon emissions and advancing global food security. Bioscience 60:708–721. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2010.60.9.8
Lateef A, Nazir R, Jamil N, Alam S, Shah R, Khan MN, Saleem M, Rehman S ur (2019) Synthesis and characterization of environmental friendly corncob biochar based nano-composite – a potential slow release nano-fertilizer for sustainable agriculture. Environ Nanotechnology, Monit Manag. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2019.100212
Lehmann J, Czimczik CI, Laird D, Sohi S (2009) Stability of biochar in the soil. Stability of biochar in the soil. In J Lehmann, & J Stephen (Eds.), Biochar for environmental management: science and technology, Earthscan, London, pp 169–182
Li J, Li Y, Wu Y, Zheng M (2014) A comparison of biochars from lignin, cellulose and wood as the sorbent to an aromatic pollutant. J Hazard Mater 280:450–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.033
Liu X, Liao J, Song H, Yang Y, Guan C, Zhang Z (2019) A biochar-based route for environmentally friendly controlled release of nitrogen: urea-loaded biochar and bentonite composite. Sci Rep 9:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46065-3
Liu Y, He Z, Uchimiya M (2015) Comparison of biochar formation from various agricultural by-products using FTIR spectroscopy. Mod Appl Sci 9:246–253. https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v9n4p246
Ma YH, Gu DJ, Liu LJ, Wang ZQ, Zhang H, Yang JC (2014) Changes in grain yield of rice and emission of greenhouse gases from paddy fields after application of organic fertilizers made from maize straw. Rice Sci 21:224–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1672-6308(13)60187-0
Matusiak M, Sle̜zak R, Ledakowicz S (2020) Thermogravimetric kinetics of selected energy crops pyrolysis. Energies. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13153977
Merlic CA, Strouse J (1997) Introduction to IR spectra. In: Web-spectra chemistry education. University of California. Available via DIALOG. https://webspectra.chem.ucla.edu/irintro.html
Middleton A et al (2016) Nutrient availability from poultry litter co-products. In: Nutrient availability from poultry litter co-products of the farm manure-to-energy final report. Virginia Tech. Available via DIALOG. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/55126.
Moe K, Htwe AZ, Thu TTP, Kajihara Y, Yamakawa T (2019) Effects on NPK status, growth, dry matter and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) by organic fertilizers applied in field condition. Agric. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9050109
Mukherjee A, Lal R, Zimmerman AR (2014) Impacts of biochar and other amendments on soil-carbon and nitrogen stability: a laboratory column study. Soil Sci Soc Am J 78:1258–1266. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2014.01.0025
Naeem MA, Khalid M, Aon M, Abbas G, Tahir M, Amjad M, Murtaza B, Yang A, Akhtar SS (2017) Effect of wheat and rice straw biochar produced at different temperatures on maize growth and nutrient dynamics of a calcareous soil. Arch Agron Soil Sci 63:2048–2061. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2017.1325468
Nayak M, Swain DK, Sen R (2019) Strategic valorization of de-oiled microalgal biomass waste as biofertilizer for sustainable and improved agriculture of rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop. Sci Total Environ 682:475–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.123
Nguyen TT, Sasaki Y, Kakuda K, ichi, Fujii H, (2020) Comparison of the nitrogen balance in paddy fields under conventional rice straw application versus cow dung compost application in mixed crop–livestock systems. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 66:116–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2019.1697856
Oni BA, Oziegbe O, Olawole OO (2019) Significance of biochar application to the environment and economy. Ann Agric Sci 64:222–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2019.12.006
Palma A, Doña-Grimaldi VM, Ruiz-Montoya M, Giráldez I, García JC, Loaiza JM, López F, Díaz MJ (2020) MSW compost valorization by pyrolysis: influence of composting process parameters. ACS Omega 5:20810–20816. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c01866
Pandit NR, Mulder J, Hale SE, Martinsen V, Schmidt HP, Cornelissen G (2018) Biochar improves maize growth by alleviation of nutrient stress in a moderately acidic low-input Nepalese soil. Sci Total Environ 625:1380–1389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.022
Rathje (1959) Jackson, M. L.: Soil chemical analysis. Verlag: Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 1958, 498 S. DM 39.40. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 85:251–252. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.19590850311
Rawat J, Saxena J, Sanwal P (2019) Biochar: a sustainable approach for improving plant growth and soil properties. In: Biochar - an imperative amendment for soil and the environment. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82151
Rego TJ, Sahrawat KL, Wani SP, Pardhasaradhi G (2007) Widespread deficiencies of sulfur, boron, and zinc in Indian semi-arid tropical soils: on-farm crop responses. J Plant Nutr 30:1569–1583. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160701615475
Ronsse F, van Hecke S, Dickinson D, Prins W (2013) Production and characterization of slow pyrolysis biochar: influence of feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions. GCB Bioenergy 5:104–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12018
Sadaf J, Shah GA, Shahzad K, Ali N, Shahid M, Ali S, Hussain RA, Ahmed ZI, Traore B, Ismail IMI, Rashid MI (2017) Improvements in wheat productivity and soil quality can accomplish by co-application of biochars and chemical fertilizers. Sci Total Environ 607–608:715–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.178
Sahrawat KL (2003) Organic matter accumulation in submerged soils. Adv Agron 81:169–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(03)81004-0
Sahrawat KL, Kumar GR, Murthy KVS (2002) Sulfuric acid-selenium digestion for multi-element analysis in a single plant digest. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 33:3757–3765. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120015920
Sánchez-Monedero MA, Cayuela ML, Sánchez-García M et al (2019) Agronomic evaluation of biochar, compost and biochar-blended compost across different cropping systems: perspective from the European project FERTIPLUS. Agronomy. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9050225
Savci S (2012) Investigation of effect of chemical fertilizers on environment. APCBEE Procedia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.03.047
Schmidt H, Pandit B, Martinsen V, Cornelissen G, Conte P, Kammann C (2015) Fourfold increase in pumpkin yield in response to low-dosage root zone application of urine-enhanced biochar to a fertile tropical soil. Agriculture 5:723–741. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture5030723
Schmidt HP, Pandit BH, Cornelissen G, Kammann CI (2017) Biochar-based fertilization with liquid nutrient enrichment: 21 field trials covering 13 crop species in Nepal. L Degrad Dev 28:2324–2342. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2761
Shi W, Ju Y, Bian R, Li L, Joseph S, Mitchell DRG, Munroe P, Taherymoosavi S, Pan G (2020) Biochar bound urea boosts plant growth and reduces nitrogen leaching. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134424
Siavoshi M, Laware SL, Laware LS (2011) Effect of organic fertilizer on growth and yield components in rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Agric Sci 3:217–224. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v3n3p217
Spokas KA, Cantrell KB, Novak JM, Archer DW, Ippolito JA, Collins HP, Boateng AA, Lima IM, Lamb MC, McAloon AJ, Lentz RD, Nichols KA (2012) Biochar: a synthesis of its agronomic impact beyond carbon sequestration. J Environ Qual 41:973–989. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0069
Sun H, Brewer CE, Masiello CA, Zygourakis K (2015) Nutrient transport in soils amended with biochar: a transient model with two stationary phases and intraparticle diffusion. Ind Eng Chem Res 54:4123–4135. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie503893t
Surekha K (2013) Evaluation of organic and conventional rice production systems for their productivity, profitability, grain quality and soil health. Agrotechnology. https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9881.s11-006
Tag AT, Duman G, Ucar S, Yanik J (2016) Effects of feedstock type and pyrolysis temperature on potential applications of biochar. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 120:200–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2016.05.006
Tomczyk A, Sokołowska Z, Boguta P (2020) Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 19:191–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-020-09523-3
Tripathi M, Sahu JN, Ganesan P (2016) Effect of process parameters on production of biochar from biomass waste through pyrolysis: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 55:467–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.122
Trivedi NS, Mandavgane SA, Chaurasia A (2018) Characterization and valorization of biomass char: a comparison with biomass ash. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:3458–3467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0689-4
Uchimiya M, Hiradate S, Antal MJ (2015) Dissolved phosphorus speciation of flash carbonization, slow pyrolysis, and fast pyrolysis biochars. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3:1642–1649. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00336
Usman ARA, Al-Wabel MI, Ok YS, Al-Harbi A, Wahb-Allah M, El-Naggar AH, Ahmad M, Al-Faraj A, Al-Omran A (2016) Conocarpus biochar induces changes in soil nutrient availability and tomato growth under saline irrigation. Pedosphere 26:27–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(15)60019-4
Virmani SM, Sahrawat KL, Burford JR (1982) Physical and chemical properties of vertisols and their management. Twelfth Int Congr Soil Sci 80–93
Wang ZY, Chen L, Sun FL, Luo XX, Wang HF, Liu GC, Xu ZH, Jiang ZX, Pan B, Zheng H (2017) Effects of adding biochar on the properties and nitrogen bioavailability of an acidic soil. Eur J Soil Sci 68:559–572. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12436
Wani SP, Chander G, Pardhasaradhi G (2018) Soil amendments for sustainable intensification. In: Soil amendments for sustainability: challenges and perspectives. Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 3-17
Wu H, Che X, Ding Z, Hu X, Creamer AE, Chen H, Gao B (2016) Release of soluble elements from biochars derived from various biomass feedstocks. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:1905–1915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5451-1
Yang S, Chen X, Jiang Z, Ding J, Sun X, Xu J (2020) Effects of biochar application on soil organic carbon composition and enzyme activity in paddy soil under water-saving irrigation. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010333
Yua Z, Chen L, Pan S, Li Y, Kuzyakov Y, Xu J, Brookes PC, Luo Y (2018) Feedstock determines biochar-induced soil priming effects by stimulating the activity of specific microorganisms. Eur J Soil Sci 69:521–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12542
Zheng J, Stewart CE, Cotrufo MF (2012) Biochar and nitrogen fertilizer alters soil nitrogen dynamics and greenhouse gas fluxes from two temperate soils. J Environ Qual 41:1361–1370. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2012.0019
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the assistance provided by the International Crops Research Institute for Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and ICRISAT Development Centre (IDC) for providing all required experimental facilities. The support is given by the Ministry of Education (MoE), Government of India, as student fellowship is duly acknowledged. We acknowledge the support provided by the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, and Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, for the analysis of samples during the study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abbhishek, K., Chander, G., Dixit, S. et al. Legume Biochar Fertilizer Can Be an Efficient Alternative to Compost in Integrated Nutrient Management of Paddy (Oryza sativa L.). J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 21, 2673–2688 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00555-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00555-4