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An overview of visual cryptography techniques

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Abstract

Visual cryptography is an encryption technique that decomposes secret images into multiple shares. These shares are digitally or physically overlapped to recover the original image, negating the need for complex mathematical operations or additional hardware. There have been many variations of visual cryptography proposed over the years, each addressing different problems or to fulfill different security requirements. Existing review papers on the area only cover certain types of visual cryptography or lack comparisons between the various schemes. To address this gap, this paper provides broad overview of the area to aid new researchers in identifying research problems or to select suitable visual cryptography methods for their desired applications. For more veteran researchers in the area, our paper provides the most up-to-date coverage of the state-of-the-art. We first provide an introduction to the various categories of visual cryptography techniques, including a discussion on recently proposed schemes. These schemes are then compared in terms of their features, performance metrics, advantages and disadvantages. Compared to prior work, we extend the number of comparison metrics to include signal-to-noise ratio and the type of shares. Over 40 visual cryptography schemes that have been proposed in the past two decades were analyzed and compared. Our findings indicate that existing problems such as pixel expansion, poor quality of recovered image quality, computational and memory complexities still exist, and a optimizing the trade-off between these requirements still requires further investigation. We conclude the paper with a discussion of these open problems and future research directions.

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Notes

  1. as of mid-January 2021

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported in part by the Ministry of Education (MOE) Malaysia under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), project number FRGS/1/2019/ICT05/USM/02/1.

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  1. National Advanced IPv6 Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Dyala R. Ibrahim & Rosni Abdullah

  2. School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Je Sen Teh

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  1. Dyala R. Ibrahim
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  2. Je Sen Teh
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  3. Rosni Abdullah
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Correspondence to Je Sen Teh.

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Ibrahim, D.R., Teh, J.S. & Abdullah, R. An overview of visual cryptography techniques. Multimed Tools Appl 80, 31927–31952 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-11229-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-11229-9

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