Abstract
Increasing population underlies every single issue that we have inflicted on this planet which causes enormous demand for petro-based polymers. These polymers are non-biodegradable, non-renewable and have toxic degradation products leading to increasing stipulation for environment benign biomaterials which could drive bio-based economy as well. Lignin, as it is the third most abundant polymer in plants, can be utilized to form multipurpose valuable polymers. Lignin has been accepted widely as the raw material for the synthesis of bio-based hydrogels due to its hydrophilic nature. This work complies the review of different methods for the synthesis of lignin-based hydrogels, i.e., interpenetrating polymer network, crosslinking copolymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and its applications in agriculture. These hydrogels have known to be used in decontamination of soil, to combat drought stress and as fertilizers. These applications paved avenues for lignin valorization and environmental sustainability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review discussing applications of lignin-based hydrogels in agriculture.
Graphic abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alzagameem A, Klein SE, Bergs M, Do TX, Korte I, Dohlen S, Huwe C, Kreyenschmidt J, Kamm B, Larkins M, Schulze M, Schulze M (2019) Antimicrobial activity of lignin and lignin-derived cellulose and chitosan composites against selected pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. Polymers (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11040670
Anastas PT, Warner JC (2000) Green chemistry theory and practice. Oxford University Press, New York, p 30
Aro T, Fatehi P (2017) Production and application of lignosulfonates and sulfonated lignin. Chemsuschem 10:1861–1877. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201700082
Avanthi A, Kumar S, Sherpa KC, Banerjee R (2017) Bioconversion of hemicelluloses of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol: an attempt to utilize pentose sugars. Biofuels 8(4):431–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2016.1249738
Bajwa DS, Pourhashem G, Ullah AH, Bajwa SG (2019) A concise review of current lignin production, applications, products and their environment impact. Ind Crops Prod 139:111526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111526
Bhattarai N, Gunn J, Zhang M (2010) Chitosan-based hydrogels for controlled, localized drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 62(1):83–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2009.07.019
Bueno VB, Bentini R, Catalani LH, Petri DFS (2013) Synthesis and swelling behavior of xanthan-based hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym 92(2):1091–1099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.062
Burke DR, Akay G, Bilsborrow PE (2010) Development of novel polymeric materials for agroprocess intensification. J Appl Polym Sci 118(6):3292–3299. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.32640
Buwalda SJ, Boere KWN, Dijkstra PJ, Feijen J, Vermonden T, Hennik WE (2014) Hydrogels in a historical perspective: from simple networks to smart materials. Controlled Release 190:254–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.052
Cai J, Zhang X, Liu W, Huang J, Qiu X (2020) Synthesis of highly conductive hydrogel with high strength and super toughness. Polymer 202:122643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122643
Carvajal JC, Gomez A, Cardona CA (2016) Comparison of lignin extraction processes: economic an environmental assessment. Biores Technol 214:468–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.103
Chandna S, Bhardwaj SK, Paul S, Bhaumik J (2020) Synthesis and applications of lignin-derived hydrogels. Lignin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40663-9_8
Chen L, Wu P, Chena M, Laia X, Ahmeda Z, Zhu N, Dang Z, Bia Y, Liu T (2018) Preparation and characterization of the eco-friendly chitosan/vermiculite biocomposite with excellent removal capacity for cadmium and lead. Appl Clay Sci 159:74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.12.050
Chio C, Sain M, Qin W (2019) Lignin utilization: A review of lignin depolymerization from various aspects. Renew Sust Energy Rev 107:232–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.008
Ciolacu D, Oprea AM, Anghel N, Cazacu G, Cazacu M (2012) New cellulose—lignin hydrogels and their application in controlled release of polyphenols. Mater Sci Eng: C 32(3):452–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2011.11.018
Constant S, Basset C, Dumas C, Renzo FD, Robitzer M, Barakat A, Quignard F (2015) Reactive organosolv lignin extraction from wheat straw: influence of Lewis acid catalysts on structural and chemical properties of lignins. Ind Crops Prod 65:180–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.12.009
Doherty WOS, Christopher PM (2011) Value—adding to cellulosic ethanol: lignin polymers. Ind Crops Prod 33(2):259–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.10.022
Elbarbary AM, El–Rehim HAA, El–Sawy NM, Hegazy EA, Soliman EA (2017) Radiation induced crosslinking of polyacrylamide incorporated low molecular weights natural polymers for possible use in the agricultural applications. Carbohydr Polym 176:19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.050
El-Saied H, Waley AI, Basta AH, El-Hadi O (2004) High water absorbents from lignocelluloses. II. Novel soil conditioners for sandy soil from lignocellulosic wastes. Polym-Plast Technol Eng 43(3):779–795. https://doi.org/10.1081/PPT-120038064
El-Zawawy WK (2005) Preparation of hydrogel from green polymer. Polym Adv Technol 16:48–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.537
Gao G, Xu WZ, Kadla JF (2014) Reversible ph-responsive hydrogels of softwood kraft lignin and poly[(2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate]-based polymers. J Wood Chem Technol 35:73–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2014.909656
Gellerstedt G (2015) Softwood kraft lignin: raw material for the future. Ind Crops Prod 77:845–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.09.040
Gil-Ortiz R, Naranjo MÁ, Ruiz-Navarro A, Atares S, García C, Zotarelli L, San Bautista A, Vicente O (2020) Enhanced agronomic efficiency using a new controlled-released. Polym-Coat Nitrogen Fertil Rice Plants 9:1183. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091183
Grishchenko LI, Amaral lG, Szczurek A, Fierro V, Kuznetsov BN, Celzard A (2013) Lignin–phenol–formaldehyde aerogels and cryogels. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 168:19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2012.09.024
Guilhen A, Gadioli R, Fernandes FC, Waldman WR, Paoli MAD (2017) High-density green polyethylene biocomposite reinforced with cellulose fibers and using lignin as antioxidant. J Appl Polym Sci 134(35):45219. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.45219
Gupta C, Washburn NR (2014) Polymer-grafted lignin surfactants prepared via reversible addition—fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization. Langmuir 30(31):9303–9312. https://doi.org/10.1021/la501696y
Haddad M, Bazinet L, Savadogo O, Paris J (2017) A feasibility study of a novel electro-membrane based process to acidify Kraft black liquor and extract lignin. Process Saf Environ Protec 06:68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2016.10.003
Hasija V, Sharma K, Kumar V (2018) Green synthesis of agar/Gum Arabic based superabsorbent as an alternative for irrigation in agriculture. Vacuum 157:458–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.09.012
Heise K, Kirsten M, Schneider Y, Jaros D, Keller H, Rohm H, Kalbitz K, Fischer S (2019) From agricultural byproducts to value-added materials: wheat straw-based hydrogels as soil conditioners. ACS Sus Chem Eng 7(9):8604–8612. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00378
Hoffman AS (2012) Hydrogels for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64:18–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.010
Horn MM, Martins VCA, Plepis AMDG (2015) Influence of collagen addition on the thermal and morphological properties of chitosan/xanthan hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 80:225–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.06.011
Huang S, Shuyi S, Gan H, Linjun W, Lin C, Danyuan X, Zhou H, Lin X, Qin Y (2019) Facile fabrication and characterization of highly stretchable lignin-based hydroxyethyl cellulose self-healing hydrogel. Carbohydr Polym 223:115080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115080
Ibrahim MM, Abd-Eladl M, Abou-Baker NH (2015) Lignocellulosic biomass for the preparation of cellulose—based hydrogel and its use for optimizing water resources in agriculture. J Appl Polym Sci 132:1. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.42652
Jiang P, Sheng X, Yu S, Li H, Lu J, Zhou J, Wang H (2018) Preparation and characterization of thermo-sensitive gel with phenolated alkali lignin. Sci Rep 8:14450. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32672-z
Jing X, Mi HY, Peng XF, Turng LS (2018) Biocompatible, self-healing, highly stretchable polyacrylic acid/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite hydrogel sensors via mussel-inspired chemistry. Carbon 136:63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.04.065
Joubert F, Denn PCP, Guo Y, Pasparakis G (2019) Comparison of thermoresponsive hydrogels synthesized by conventional free radical and RAFT polymerization. Materials 12(17):2697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12172697
Jung KA, Woo HS, Lim SR, Park JM (2015) Pyrolytic production of phenolic compounds from the lignin residues of bioethanol processes. Chem Eng J 259:107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.07.126
Kai D, Low ZW, Liow SS, Karim AA, Ye H, Jin G, Li K, Loh XJ (2015) Development of lignin supramolecular hydrogels with mechanically responsive and self-healing properties. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng 3(9):2160–2169. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00405
Kaur R, Kaur P (2021) Chemical valorization of cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: a step towards sustainable development. Cellul Chem Technol 55(3–4):207–222
Kazanskii KS, Dubrovskii SA (1992) Chemistry and physics of “agricultural” hydrogels. Polyelectrolytes Hydrogels Chromatogr Mater 104:97–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-55109-3_3
Kim YS, Kadla JF (2010) Preparation of a thermoresponsive lignin-based biomaterial through atom transfer radical polymerization. Biomacromol 11:981–988. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm901455p
Kim C, Yoo B (2006) Rheological properties of rice starch–xanthan gum mixtures. J Food Eng 75(1):120–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.04.002
Kim JS, Lee YY, Kim TH (2016) A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Biores Technol 199:42–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.085
Larraneta E, Imizcoz M, Toh JX, Irwin NJ, Ripolin A, Perminova A, Dom J, Rodr A, Donnelly RF (2018) Synthesis and characterization of lignin hydrogels for potential applications as drug eluting antimicrobial coatings for medical materials. Sustain Chem Eng 6:9037–9046. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01371
Lawrencia D, Wong SK, Low DYS, Goh BH, Goh JK, Ruktanonchai UR, Soottitantawat A, Lee LH, Tang SY (2021) controlled release fertilizers: a review on coating materials and mechanism of release. Plants 10:238. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020238
Liu H, Chung H (2017) Lignin based polymers via graft copolymerization. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 55(21):3515–3528. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.28744
Liu H, Li M, Ouyang C, Lu TJ, Li F, Xu F (2018) Biofriendly, stretchable, and reusable hydrogel electronics as wearable force sensors. Small 14(36):1801711. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201801711
Liu R, Zhang L, Huanga Z, Xu J (2020a) Sequential and alternating RAFT single unit monomer insertion: model trimers as the guide for discrete oligomer synthesis. Polym Chem 11:4557–4567. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0PY00390E
Liu Y, Huang Y, Zhang C, Li W, Chen C, Zhang Z, Chen H, Wang J, Li Y, Zhang Y (2020b) Nano-FeS incorporated into stable lignin hydrogel: a novel strategy for cadmium removal from soil. Environ Pollut 264:114739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114739
MaLv Yl, Guo Y, Fu Y, Shao Q, Wu T, Guo S, Sun K, Guo X, Wujcik EK, Guo Z (2017) Porous lignin based poly (acrylic acid)/organo-montmorillonite nanocomposites: swelling behaviors and rapid removal of Pb (II) ions. Polymer 128:12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.009
Mahmood Z, Yameen M, Jahangeer M, Riaz M, Ghaffar A, Javid I (2018) Lignin as natural antioxidant capacity. Lignin Trends Appl. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73284
Mazloom N, Khorassani R, Gholam Hossein Zohuri GH, Emami H, Whalen J (2019) Development and characterization of lignin-based hydrogel for use in agricultural soils: preliminary evidence. Clean- Soil, Air, Water. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201900101
Mazloom N, Khorassani R, Gholam Hossein Zohuri GH, Emami H, Whalen J (2020) Lignin-based hydrogel alleviates drought stress in maize. Environ Exp Bot 175:104055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2020.104055
Meng Y, Liu X, Li C, Liu H, Cheng Y, Lu J, Zhang K, Wang H (2019a) Super-swelling lignin-based biopolymer hydrogels for soil water retention from paper industry waste. Int J Biol Macromol 135:815–820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.195
Meng Y, Lu J, Cheng Y, Li Q, Wang H (2019b) Lignin-based hydrogels: a review of preparation, properties and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 135:1006–1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.198
Naficy S, Spinks GM, Wallace GG (2014) Thin, tough, pH-sensitive hydrogel films with rapid load recovery. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(6):4109–4114. https://doi.org/10.1021/am405708v
Oveissi F, Naficy S, Le TYL, Fletcher DF, Dehghani F (2018) Tough and Processable Hydrogels Based on Lignin and Hydrophilic Polyurethane. Bio Mater 1(6):2073–2081. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.8b00546
Pan X, Saddler JN (2013) Effect of replacing polyol by organosolv and kraft lignin on the property and structure of rigid polyurethane foam. Biotechnol Biofuels 6:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-6-12
Park JH, Rana HH, Lee JY, Park HS (2019) Renewable flexible supercapacitors based on all-lignin-based hydrogel electrolytes and nanofiber electrodes. J Mater Chem A 7:16962–16968. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA03519B
Passauer L, Fischer K, Liebner F (2011) Preparation and physical characterization of strongly swellable oligo(oxyethylene) lignin hydrogels. Holzforschung 65:309–317. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf.2011.044
Passauer L, Struch M, Schuldt S, Appelt J, Schneider Y, Jaros D, Rohm H (2012) Dynamic moisture sorption characteristics of xerogels from water-swellable oligo (oxyethylene) lignin derivatives. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:5852–5862. https://doi.org/10.1021/am3015179
Penaranda JE, Sabino MA (2010) Effect of the presence of lignin or peat in IPN hydrogels on the sorption of heavy metals. Polym Bull 65(5):495–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-010-0264-3
Peng Z, Chen F (2011) Synthesis and properties of lignin-based polyurethane hydrogels. J Polym Mater 60:674–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2010.551353
Ponnusamy VK, Nguyen DD, Dharmaraja J, Shobana S, Banu R, Saratale RG, Chang SW, Kumar G (2018) A review on lignin structure, pretreatments, fermentation reactions and biorefinery potential. Bioresource Technol 271:462–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.070
Puoci F, Francesca I, Spizzirri UG, Cirillo G, Curcio M, Nevio P (2008) Polymer in agriculture: a review. Am J Agric Biol Sci 3:299–314. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2008.299.314
Qin Y, Yang D, Guo W, Qiu X (2015) Investigation of grafted sulfonated alkali lignin polymer as dispersant in coal-water slurry. J Ind Eng Chem 27:192–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2014.12.034
Rajan K, Mann JK, English E, Harper DP, Carrier DJ, Rials TG, Labbe N, Chmely SC (2018) Sustainable hydrogels based on lignin-methacrylate copolymers with enhanced water retention and tunable material properties. Biomacromol 19(7):2665–2672. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00282
Ramírez E, Burillo SG, Barrera-Díaz C, Roa G, Bilyeu B (2011) Use of pH-sensitive polymer hydrogels in lead removal from aqueous solution. J Hazard Mater 192(2):432–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.04.109
Raschip IE, Hitruc GE, Vasile C, Popescu M (2013) Effect of the lignin type on the morphology and thermal properties of the xanthan/lignin hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 54:230–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.12.036
Ravishankar K, Venkatesan M, Preet R, Mahalingam A (2019) Biocompatible hydrogels of chitosan-alkali lignin for potential wound healing applications. Mater Sci Eng C 102:447–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.038
Richter A, Paschew G, Klatt S, Lienig J, Arndt KF, Adler HJP (2008) Review on hydrogel-based pH sensors and microsensors. Sensors 8(1):561–581. https://doi.org/10.3390/s8010561
Rico-Garcia D, Ruiz-Rubio L, Perez-Alvarez L, Hernandez-Olmos SL, Guerrero- Ramirez GL, Vilas-Vilela JL (2020) Lignin-based hydrogels: synthesis and applications. Polym 12:81. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010081
Rodriguez JF, Erdocia X, Ramos FH, Alriols MG, Labidi J (2019) Lignin separation and fractionation by ultrafiltration. In: Separation of Functional Molecules in Food by Membrane Technology, Galanakis C M (ed) pp. 229–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815056-6.00007-3
Saha BC (2003) Hemicellulose bioconversion. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 30:279–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-003-0049-x
Sanaullah M, Chabbi A, Rumpel C, Kuzyakov Y (2012) Carbon allocation in grassland communities under drought stress followed by 14C pulse labelling. Soil Biol Biochem 55:132–139
Sathawong S, Sridach W, Techato K (2018) Lignin: isolation and preparing the lignin based hydrogel. J Environ Chem Eng 6(5):5879–5888
Schlee P, Hosseinaei O, Baker D, Alice Landmer A, Tomani P, Lopez MJM, Amoros DC, Herou S, Titirici MM (2019) From waste to wealth: from kraft lignin to free-standing supercapacitors. Carbon 145:470–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.01.035
Shen XJ, Wen JL, Mei QQ, Chen X, Sun D, Yuan TQ, Sun RC (2019) Facile fractionation of lignocelluloses by biomass-derived deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment for cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis and lignin valorization. Green Chem 21(2):275–283. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8GC03064B
Silmore KS, Gupta C, Washburn NR (2016) Tunable pickering emulsions with polymer-grafted lignin nanoparticles (PGLNs). J Colloid Interface Sci 466:91–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.11.042
Silva GLD, Ruggiero R, Gontijo PM, Pinto RB, Royer B, Lima EC, Thais HM, Fernandes THM, Calvete T (2011) Adsorption of brilliant red 2BE dye from water solutions by a chemically modified sugarcane bagasse lignin. Chem Eng J 168(2):620–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.01.040
Song B, Liang H, Sun R, Peng P, Jiang Y, She D (2020) Hydrogel synthesis based on lignin/sodium alginate and application in agriculture. Int J Biol Macromol 144:219–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.082
Tejado A, Pena C, Labidi J, Echeverria JM, Mondragon I (2007) Physico-chemical characterization of lignins from different sources for use in phenol–formaldehyde resin synthesis. Bioresour Technol 98(8):1655–1663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.05.042
Teng X, Xu H, Song W, Shi J, Xin J, Hiscox WC, Zhang J (2017) Preparation and properties of hydrogels based on PEGylated lignosulfonate amine. ACS Omega 2(1):251–259. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.6b00296
Thakur VK, Thakur MK (2015) Recent advances in green hydrogels from lignin: a review. Int J Biol Macromol 72:834–847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.09.044
Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Raghavn P, Kessler MR (2014) Progress in green polymer composites from lignin for multifunctional applications: a review. J ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2(5):794–801. https://doi.org/10.1021/sc500087z
Tomadoni B, Casalongue C, Alvarez VA (2019) Biopolymer-based hydrogels for agriculture applications: swelling behavior and slow release of agrochemicals. Polym Agri-Food Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19416-1_7
Tran VT, Mredha MTI, Pathak SK, Yoon H, Cui JX, Jeon I (2019) Conductive tough hydrogels with a staggered ion-coordinating structure for high self-recovery rate. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11(27):24598–24608. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b06478
Tribot A, Amer G, Alio MA, Baynast HD, Delattre C, Pons A, Mathias JD, Callois JM, Vial C, Michaud P, Dussap CG (2019) Wood-lignin: Supply, extraction processes and use as bio-based material. Eur Polym J 112:228–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.01.007
Uppal SK, Kaur R, Garg Y, Dhall C, Kaur P, Dhir C (2016) Evaluation of potential of sweet sorghum bagasse for production of value-added chemicals: 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and its derivatives. Ind J Chem Technol 23(5):412–418
Wang H, Pu Y, Ragauskas A, Yang B (2019) From lignin to valuable products–strategies, challenges, and prospects. Biores Technol 271:449–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.072
Wu L, Huang S, Zheng J, Qiu Z, Lin X, Qin Y (2019) Synthesis and characterization of biomass lignin-based PVA super-absorbent hydrogel. Int J Biol Macromol 140:538–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.142
Xu F, Li Y (2017) Biomass digestion. Encycl Sustain Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10108-3
Xu C, Molino BZ, Wang X, Cheng F, Xu W, Molino P, Bacher M, Su D, Rosenau T, Willfor S, Wallace G (2018) 3D printing of nanocellulose hydrogel scaffolds with tunable mechanical strength towards wound healing application. J Mater Chem B 6(43):7066–7075. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TB01757C
Yan E, Cao M, Ren X, Jiang J, An Q, Zhang Z, Gao J, Yang X, Zhang D (2018) Synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles functionalized polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan magnetic composite hydrogel as an efficient adsorbent for chromium (VI) removal. J Phys Chem Solids 121:102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2018.05.028
Yi T, Zhao H, Mo Q, Pan D, Liu Y, Huang L, Xu H, Hu B, Song H (2020) From cellulose to cellulose nanofibrils–a comprehensive review of the preparation and modification of cellulose nanofibrils. Materials 13:5062. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225062
Yu G, Li B, Wang H, Liu C, Mu X (2013) Preparation of concrete superplasticizer by oxidation-sulfomethylation of sodium lignosulfonate. BioResour 8(1):1055–1063
Zakzeski J, Bruijnincx PCA, Jongerius AL, Weckhuysen BM (2010) The catalytic valorization of lignin for the production of renewable chemicals. Chem Rev 110:3552–3599. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr900354u
Zhen X, Choi HS, Kim JH, Kim SL, Liu R, Yun BS, Lee DS (2020) Machilin D, a lignin derived from Saururus chinensis, suppresses breast cancer stem cells and inhibits nf-κb signaling. Biomolecules 10(2):245. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10020245
Zheng SY, Shen Y, Zhu F, Yin J, Qian J, Fu J, Wu ZL, Zheng Q (2018) Programmed deformations of 3D-printed tough physical hydrogels with high response speed and large output force. Adv Funct Mater 28(37):1803366. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201803366
Zhu Y, Li Z, Chen J (2019) Applications of lignin-derived catalysts for green synthesis. Green Energy Environ 4(3):210–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gee.2019.01.003
Zmejkoski D, Spasojevic D, Orlovska I, Kozyrovska N, Sokovic M, Glamoclija J, Dmitrovic S, Matovic B, Tasic N, Maksimovic V, Sosnin M, Radotic K (2018) Bacterial cellulose-lignin composite hydrogel as a promising agent in chronic wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 118:494–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.067
Zoghlami A, Paes G (2019) Lignocellulosic biomass: understanding recalcitrance and predicting hydrolysis. Front Chem 7:874. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00874
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
RK, RS and GKC reviewed literature, wrote and proof read the manuscripts.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kaur, R., Sharma, R. & Chahal, G.K. Synthesis of lignin-based hydrogels and their applications in agriculture: A review. Chem. Pap. 75, 4465–4478 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-01712-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-01712-w