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Groundwater metering: revisiting a ubiquitous ‘best practice’

Les compteurs et la mesure des eaux souterraines: revisiter une ‘bonne pratique’ répandue

Contadores y medición de aguas subterráneas: revisitando una ‘buena práctica’ omnipresente

地下水计量:回顾普遍的最佳做法

Contadores e medição de águas subterrâneas: revisando una ‘buena práctica’ omnipresente

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Abstract

It is often taken for granted that metering is an unarguable ‘best practice’ when it comes to the quantitative management of groundwater resources. This paper revisits empirical evidence of the performance of meters on the ground, distinguishing between the logistical, financial, political and institutional factors that condition acceptability, implementation and monitoring. It is shown that metering should only be implemented when certain conditions are met. The options for technical and institutional improvements are reviewed. Then the paper turns to co-management arrangements between the state/administration and water user associations. It is argued that metering can play a key part in these arrangements rather than be, by default, an undesired nuisance. Hence, the distribution of the costs of meter installation, maintenance and monitoring should be construed as part of the balancing of costs and benefits, carrots and sticks, threats and opportunities, and of the roles of the states and water user associations. All must be designed to elicit collective action towards, and adherence to, sustainability targets.

Résumé

Il est souvent considéré comme acquis que les compteurs sont une “bonne pratique” incontestable en matière de gestion quantitative des ressources en eau souterraines. Cet article revisite les preuves empiriques de la performance des compteurs sur le terrain, en distinguant les facteurs logistiques, financiers, politiques et institutionnels qui conditionnent l’acceptabilité, la mise en œuvre et le relevé des consommations. Il est démontré que les compteurs ne devraient être mis en œuvre que lorsque certaines conditions sont remplies. Les options d’améliorations techniques et institutionnelles sont passées en revue. L’article se penche ensuite sur les arrangements de cogestion entre l’État/administration et les associations d’usagers de l’eau. Il est démontré que le comptage peut jouer un rôle clé dans ces arrangements plutôt que de constituer, par défaut, une nuisance indésirable. Ainsi, la répartition des coûts d’installation, d’entretien et de surveillance des compteurs devrait être considérée comme partie intégrale de l’équilibre des coûts et des avantages, des carottes et des bâtons, des menaces et des opportunités, ainsi que des rôles des états et des associations d’usagers, qui doivent tous être conçus pour susciter une adhésion et une action collective visant à une durabilité de la ressource.

Resumen

El uso de contadores en pozos de aguas subterráneas se considera sin mucha discusión como una “mejor práctica” para gestionar cuantitativamente este recurso. Este artículo revisa la evidencia empírica del uso y rendimiento de los contadores sobre el terreno, distinguiendo entre factores logísticos, financieros, políticos e institucionales que condicionan la aceptabilidad, implementación y monitoreo de pozos de agua subterránea. En este artículo se muestra que la medición sólo debe implementarse cuando se cumplen ciertas condiciones. Se revisan las opciones de mejoras técnicas e institucionales. Luego, el artículo revisa las condiciones de cogestión entre el estado/administración pública y las asociaciones de usuarios de agua subterránea. Se argumenta que la medición con contadores puede desempeñar un papel clave en estas situaciones de co-gestión en lugar de ser, por defecto, una molestia no deseada. Por lo tanto, la distribución de los costes de instalación, mantenimiento y monitoreo de los contadores debe interpretarse como parte del equilibrio de costes y beneficios, incentivos positivos y negativos (zanahorias y palos), amenazas y oportunidades, y de los roles de los estados y las asociaciones de usuarios de agua subterránea. Elementos que deven ser concebidos conjuntamente para incentivar la acción colectiva y la sostenibilidad del uso de las aguas subterráneas.

摘要

计量是地下水资源定量管理中无可厚非的最佳做法。本文回顾了地面计量、实施和监测性能的经验, 这些经验甄别了可接受性条件的后勤、财务、政治和体制因素。结果表明, 只有在某些条件时才可进行计量。评述了技术和制度改进的选择。然后, 本文建议由州行政管理部门和用水者协会共同管理安排。有人认为, 计量可以在这些安排中发挥关键作用, 而不是按预设的不被打扰。因此, 计量安装, 维护和监测的成本分配应理解为平衡成本与收益, 软硬兼施, 困难与机会以及各州和用水者协会作用的一部分。所有这些都必须旨在开展可持续性目标的集体行动。

Resumo

É muitas vezes tido como certo que o uso de contadores é uma “boa prática” inquestionável na gestão quantitativa dos recursos de águas subterrâneas. Este documento revisita as provas empíricas do desempenho dos contadores no terreno, distinguindo entre factores logísticos, financeiros, políticos e institucionais que condicionam a aceitabilidade, implementação e medição dos contadores. Mostra-se que os contadores só devem ser implementados quando certas condições são cumpridas. As opções para melhorias técnicas e institucionais são revistas. O documento analisa os acordos de co-gestão entre o estado/administração e as associações de utilizadores de água. Demonstra-se que o contador pode desempenhar um papel fundamental nestes arranjos, em vez de ser visto como um incómodo indesejado. Assim, a distribuição dos custos de instalação, manutenção e monitorização dos contadores deve ser vista como parte integrante do equilíbrio entre custos e benefícios, ‘cenouras e paus’, ameaças e oportunidades, e o papeles do estado e das associações de utilizadores, tudos devendo ser concebidos para gerar a adesão e a acção colectiva para a sustentabilidade do recurso.

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Molle, F., Closas, A. Groundwater metering: revisiting a ubiquitous ‘best practice’. Hydrogeol J 29, 1857–1870 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02353-9

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