Abstract
It is often taken for granted that metering is an unarguable ‘best practice’ when it comes to the quantitative management of groundwater resources. This paper revisits empirical evidence of the performance of meters on the ground, distinguishing between the logistical, financial, political and institutional factors that condition acceptability, implementation and monitoring. It is shown that metering should only be implemented when certain conditions are met. The options for technical and institutional improvements are reviewed. Then the paper turns to co-management arrangements between the state/administration and water user associations. It is argued that metering can play a key part in these arrangements rather than be, by default, an undesired nuisance. Hence, the distribution of the costs of meter installation, maintenance and monitoring should be construed as part of the balancing of costs and benefits, carrots and sticks, threats and opportunities, and of the roles of the states and water user associations. All must be designed to elicit collective action towards, and adherence to, sustainability targets.
Résumé
Il est souvent considéré comme acquis que les compteurs sont une “bonne pratique” incontestable en matière de gestion quantitative des ressources en eau souterraines. Cet article revisite les preuves empiriques de la performance des compteurs sur le terrain, en distinguant les facteurs logistiques, financiers, politiques et institutionnels qui conditionnent l’acceptabilité, la mise en œuvre et le relevé des consommations. Il est démontré que les compteurs ne devraient être mis en œuvre que lorsque certaines conditions sont remplies. Les options d’améliorations techniques et institutionnelles sont passées en revue. L’article se penche ensuite sur les arrangements de cogestion entre l’État/administration et les associations d’usagers de l’eau. Il est démontré que le comptage peut jouer un rôle clé dans ces arrangements plutôt que de constituer, par défaut, une nuisance indésirable. Ainsi, la répartition des coûts d’installation, d’entretien et de surveillance des compteurs devrait être considérée comme partie intégrale de l’équilibre des coûts et des avantages, des carottes et des bâtons, des menaces et des opportunités, ainsi que des rôles des états et des associations d’usagers, qui doivent tous être conçus pour susciter une adhésion et une action collective visant à une durabilité de la ressource.
Resumen
El uso de contadores en pozos de aguas subterráneas se considera sin mucha discusión como una “mejor práctica” para gestionar cuantitativamente este recurso. Este artículo revisa la evidencia empírica del uso y rendimiento de los contadores sobre el terreno, distinguiendo entre factores logísticos, financieros, políticos e institucionales que condicionan la aceptabilidad, implementación y monitoreo de pozos de agua subterránea. En este artículo se muestra que la medición sólo debe implementarse cuando se cumplen ciertas condiciones. Se revisan las opciones de mejoras técnicas e institucionales. Luego, el artículo revisa las condiciones de cogestión entre el estado/administración pública y las asociaciones de usuarios de agua subterránea. Se argumenta que la medición con contadores puede desempeñar un papel clave en estas situaciones de co-gestión en lugar de ser, por defecto, una molestia no deseada. Por lo tanto, la distribución de los costes de instalación, mantenimiento y monitoreo de los contadores debe interpretarse como parte del equilibrio de costes y beneficios, incentivos positivos y negativos (zanahorias y palos), amenazas y oportunidades, y de los roles de los estados y las asociaciones de usuarios de agua subterránea. Elementos que deven ser concebidos conjuntamente para incentivar la acción colectiva y la sostenibilidad del uso de las aguas subterráneas.
摘要
计量是地下水资源定量管理中无可厚非的最佳做法。本文回顾了地面计量、实施和监测性能的经验, 这些经验甄别了可接受性条件的后勤、财务、政治和体制因素。结果表明, 只有在某些条件时才可进行计量。评述了技术和制度改进的选择。然后, 本文建议由州行政管理部门和用水者协会共同管理安排。有人认为, 计量可以在这些安排中发挥关键作用, 而不是按预设的不被打扰。因此, 计量安装, 维护和监测的成本分配应理解为平衡成本与收益, 软硬兼施, 困难与机会以及各州和用水者协会作用的一部分。所有这些都必须旨在开展可持续性目标的集体行动。
Resumo
É muitas vezes tido como certo que o uso de contadores é uma “boa prática” inquestionável na gestão quantitativa dos recursos de águas subterrâneas. Este documento revisita as provas empíricas do desempenho dos contadores no terreno, distinguindo entre factores logísticos, financeiros, políticos e institucionais que condicionam a aceitabilidade, implementação e medição dos contadores. Mostra-se que os contadores só devem ser implementados quando certas condições são cumpridas. As opções para melhorias técnicas e institucionais são revistas. O documento analisa os acordos de co-gestão entre o estado/administração e as associações de utilizadores de água. Demonstra-se que o contador pode desempenhar um papel fundamental nestes arranjos, em vez de ser visto como um incómodo indesejado. Assim, a distribuição dos custos de instalação, manutenção e monitorização dos contadores deve ser vista como parte integrante do equilíbrio entre custos e benefícios, ‘cenouras e paus’, ameaças e oportunidades, e o papeles do estado e das associações de utilizadores, tudos devendo ser concebidos para gerar a adesão e a acção colectiva para a sustentabilidade do recurso.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aarnoudse E, Bluemling B (2017) Controlling groundwater through smart card machines: the case of water quotas and pricing mechanisms in Gansu Province, China. IWMI, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Aguilar D (2011) Groundwater reform in India: an equity and sustainability dilemma. Tex Intl L J 46:623–653
Al Bakri J (2015) Crop mapping and validation of ALEXI_ET in Azraq and Mafraq areas. A Report for Regional Coordination on Improved Water Resources Management and Capacity Building. Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Amman, Jordan
Albarazi G (2014) Is Syriaʼs water institution capable of addressing current and future challenges? An exploration of Syriaʼs water policy, administration, and law. MSc Thesis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Alley WM, Alley R (2017) High and dry: meeting the challenges of the world’s growing dependence on groundwater. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT
Al-Naber M, Molle F (2017) Controlling groundwater overabstraction: policies vs. local practices in Jordan highlands. Water Policy 19(4):692–708. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.127
Al-Zubari WK (2012) Synthesis report on groundwater governance regional diagnosis in the Arab region. Groundwater governance: a global framework for action. GEF and FAO, Rome
Asudir037 (n.d.) Reglamento de la asociación de usuarios del distrito de riego 037, Altar Pitiquito Caborca [Regulation of the association of users of the irrigation district 037, Altar Pitiquito Caborca]. https://asudir037.com.mx/. Accessed May 2021
Baldwin C (2008) Rules for the magic pudding: managing Lockyer groundwater? Soc Altern 27(3)
Barham N (2014) The sociopolitical aspects of water scarcity in Jordan, conference on ‘Social water studies in the MENA region: state of the art and perspectives’. German Jordanian University campus, Madaba, Jordan, 28–29 September 2014
Basco-Carrera L, Warren A, van Beek E, Jonoski A, Giardino A (2017) Collaborative modelling or participatory modelling? A framework for water resources management. Environ Model Softw 91:95–110
Bassi N (2014) Assessing potential of water rights and energy pricing in making groundwater use for irrigation sustainable in India. Water Policy 16:442–453
Bennett M, Gardner A (2014) Groundwater regulation in a drying south West Australia. Faculty of Law, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
Berkes F, George P, Preston R (1991) Co-management: the evolution of the theory and practice of joint administration of living resources. Alternatives 18(2):12–18
Bleed A, Hoffman Babbitt C (2015) Nebraskaʼs natural resources districts: an assessment of a large-scale locally controlled water governance framework. Policy report 1, Robert B. Daugherty Water for Food Institute, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NB
BRLi, Agro Concept (2012) Gestion de la demande en eau dans les pays méditerranéens: gestion de la demande en eau: étude de cas du Maroc [Water demand management in Mediterranean countries: water demand management: Morocco case study]. BRLI, Elmwood Park, NJ
Cap-Net (2010) Groundwater management in IWRM: training manual. Cap-Net UNDP, Pretoria, South Africa
CGWB (2013) Ground water year boo: India 2012–2013. Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, New Delhi
Chebaane M, El-Naser H, Fitch J, Hijazi A, Jabbarin A (2004) Participatory groundwater management in Jordan: development and analysis of options. Hydrogeol J 12:14–32
Civita MV, Massarutto A, Seminara G (2010) Groundwater in Italy: a review. EASAC Report on Ground Waters in Southern European Mediterranean Countries. https://easaceu/fileadmin/PDF_s/reports_statements/Italy_Groundwater_country_reportpdf. Accessed 9 November 2020
Closas A, Molle F (2018) Chronicle of a demise foretold: state vs. local groundwater management in Texas and the High Plains aquifer system. Water Altern 11(3):511–532
Closas A, Villholth KG (2019) Groundwater governance: addressing core concepts and challenges. WIREs Water 7(1)
Collins G (2015) Blue gold: commoditize groundwater and use correlative management to balance city, farm, and frac water use in Texas. Nat Resour J 55(2):441–478
CONAGUA (2009) Actualizacion de la disponibilidad media anual de agua subterránea, Acuifero (0523) principal: Region Lagunera, Estado de Coahuila [Update on the annual average availability of groundwater, aquifer (0523) principal: Lagunera region State of Coahuila]. Comision Nacional del Agua. https://esslidesharenet/encuentrociudadanolag/conagua-disponible. Accessed 10 April 2020
Cullet P (2012) Groundwater: towards a new legal and institutional framework. In: Cullet P, Paranjape S, Thakkar H, Vani MS, Joy KJ, Ramesh MK (eds) Water conflicts in Indi: towards a new legal and institutional framework. Forum for Policy Dialogue on Water Conflicts in India, Pune, India, pp 58–71
Custodio E (2002) Aquifer overexploitation: what does it mean? Hydrogeol J 10:254–277
Damonte GH (2019) The constitution of hydrosocial power: agribusiness and water scarcity in Ica, Peru. Ecol Soc 24(2):21
DGA (2009) Resolucion DGA Region de Atacama Num. 831, 13th October 2009. DGA, Santiago, Chile
Díaz-Mora J (1999) Experiencia en la implantacion de contadores en los acuiferos de la Cuenca Alta del Guadiana [Experience with the implementation of meters in the aquifers of the upper Guadiana]. In: Ballester Rodriguez A, Fernandez Sanchez JA, Lopez Geta JA (eds) Medida y evaluacion de las extracciones de agua subterránea [Measuring and assessing groundwater abstraction]. IGME, Madrid, pp 9–72
Donoso G (2003) Mercados de agua: estudio del caso del código de aguas de Chile de 1981 [Water markets: study of the Chilean water code of 1981]. GWP and UN-CEPAL, Santiago de Chile
El Arabi NE (2012) The legal and institutional framework for coastal aquifers in Egypt. Management of Coastal Aquifers and Groundwater, Assessment of the legal, Institutional and Policy Aspects of Coastal Aquifer Management in Egypt. MedPartnership. http://themedpartnership.org/. Accessed May 2021
Emels J, Roberts R, Sauri D (1992) Ideology, property, and groundwater resources: an exploration of relations. Polit Geogr 11(1):37–54
Foster S, Garduño H (2015) Argentina: integrated approaches to groundwater resource conservation in the Mendoza aquifers. Case profile collection number 6. G-MATE and World Bank, Washington, DC
Greiner R, Fernandes L, McCartney F, Durante J (2016) Reasons why some irrigation water users fail to comply with water use regulations: a case study from Queensland, Australia. Land Use Policy 51:26–40
Grönwall J (2008). Access to water: rights, obligations and the Bangalore Situation. PhD Thesis, Linköping University Press, Linköping, China
Grönwall J (2014) Power to segregate: improving electricity access and reducing demand in rural India, SIWI paper 23, SIWI, Stockholm
Grönwall J, Oduro-Kwarteng S (2018) Groundwater as a strategic resource for improved resilience: a case study from peri-urban Accra. Environ Earth Sci 77(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-7181-9
Guisheng F, van Steenbergen F, Wenzhong Z (2013) Climate change adaptation through groundwater Management of Shanxi Province, Peopleʼs Republic of China. Report to ADB, ADB, Manila, Philippines
Gulley RL (2015) Heads above water: the inside story of the Edwards aquifer recovery implementation program. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX
Gunningham N (2011) Enforcing environmental regulation. J Environ Law 23(2):169–201
Hamdane A (2015) Le contrôle de l’utilisation des eaux souterraines et la gestion participative des nappes [The control of groundwater use and participatory management of aquifers]. Report, FAO, Rome
Holley C, Sinclair D (2010) Collaborative governance and adaptive management:(mis) applications to groundwater, salinity and run-off. AJNRLP. 14(1–2):37–69
Holley C, Sinclair D (2012) Compliance and enforcement of water licences in NSW: limitations in law, policy and institutions. AJNRLP 15(2):149–189
Holley C, Sinclair D (2013) Non-urban water metering policy: water users’ views on metering and metering upgrades in NSW. AJNRLP 16(2):101–131
Holley C, Sinclair D (2018) Replenishing Australia’s water future: from stagnation to innovation. In: Holley C, Sinclair D (eds) Reforming water law and governance. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp 1–31
Holley C, Mutongwizo T, Pucci S, Castilla-Rho J, Sinclair D (2020) Groundwater regulation, compliance and enforcement: insights on regulators, regulated actors and frameworks in New South Wales, Australia. In: Rinaudo JD, Holley C, Barnett S, Montginoul M (eds) Sustainable groundwater management: a comparative analysis of French and Australian policies and implications to other countries. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp 411–433
Hoogesteger J (2018) The ostrich politics of groundwater development and neoliberal regulation in Mexico. Water Alternatives 11(3):552–571
IRG (2014) Analysis report: socio-economic survey of groundwater wells in Jordan, institutional support and strengthening program (ISSP). USAID, Amman, Jordan
IWMI (2020) http://gw-mena.iwmi.org/outputs/. Accessed 10 April 2020
Li He Y (2011) Case study on typical irrigation districts. Submitted as part of the FAO “Study on Analysis of Sustainable Water Resource Use” project. Government of Japan, Tokyo
Liptrot T, Hussein H (2020) Between regulation and targeted expropriation: rural-to-urban groundwater reallocation in Jordan. Water Altern 13(3):864–885
Loch A, Pérez-Blanco CD, Carmody E, Felbab-Brown V, Adamson D, Seidl C (2020) Grand theft water and the calculus of compliance. Nat Sustain. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0589-3
López-Gunn E, Martínez-Cortina L (2006) Is self-regulation a myth? Case study on Spanish groundwater user associations and the role of higher-level authorities. Hydrogeol J 14(3):361–375
Marina Stephan R (2007) Legal framework of groundwater management the Middle East (Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and the Palestinian territories). In: Shuval H, Dweik H (eds) Water resources in the Middle East. Springer, Berlin, pp 293–299
Martínez-Fernández J, Neto S, Hernández-Mora N, Del Moral L, La Roca F (2020) The role of the water framework directive in the controversial transition of water policy paradigms in Spain and Portugal. Water Altern 13(3):556–581
Matthews K (2017) Independent investigation into NSW water management and compliance: advice on implementation final report. wwwindustrynswgovau/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/131905/Matthews-final-report-NSW-water-management-and-compliancepdf. Accessed 11 November 2020
McDonnell R, Fragaszy S (2016) Groundwater use and policies in Abu Dhabi. IWMI/USAID project report no. 13, IWMI, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Mirnezami SJ, Bagheri A, Maleki A (2018) Inaction of society on the drawdown of groundwater resources: a case study of Rafsanjan plain in Iran. Water Altern 11(3):725–748
Molle F, Closas A (2017) Groundwater governance: a synthesis. Groundwater Governance in the Arab World. IWMI Project Report no. 6, IWMI, Colombo, Sri Lanka. https://gw-menaiwmiorg/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2017/04/Rep6-Groundwater-Governance-SYNTHESISpdf. Accessed 11 November 2020
Molle F, Closas A (2020a) Why is state-centered groundwater governance largely ineffective? A review. WIREs Water 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1395
Molle F, Closas A (2020b) Comanagement of groundwater: a review. WIREs Water 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1394
Molle F, Closas A (2020c) Groundwater management and the pitfalls of licensing. Hydrogeol J 28:1961–1974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02179-x
Molle F, Closas A, Zubari W (2017) Governing groundwater in the Middle East and North Africa region. In: Villholth K, van der Gun J, Lopez-Gunn E, Conti K, Garrido A (eds) Advances in groundwater governance. Balkema, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 527–553
Molle F, López-Gunn E, van Steenbergen F (2018) The local and national politics of groundwater overexploitation. Water Altern 11(3):445–457
Montginoul M, Rinaudo JD, Brozović N, Donoso G (2016) Controlling Groundwater Exploitation Through Economic Instruments: Current Practices, Challenges and Innovative Approaches. In: Jakeman AJ, Barreteau O, Hunt RJ, Rinaudo JD, Ross A (eds) Integrated Groundwater Management. Springer, Cham. P 551-581
Mukherji A (2006) Political ecology of groundwater: the contrasting case of water-abundant West Bengal and water-scarce Gujarat, India. Hydrogeol J 14(3):392–406
Mukherji A, Das B, Majumdar N, Nayak NC, Sethi RR, Sharma BR, Banerjee PS (2009) Metering of agricultural power supply in West Bengal, India: who gains and who loses? Energ Policy 37(12):5530–5539
Mukherji A, Shah T, Verma S (2010) Electricity reforms and its impact on groundwater use: evidence from India. In: Martinez-Cortina L, Garrido A, López-Gunn E (eds) Re-thinking water and food security, Fourth Botin Foundation Water Workshop. CRC, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp 299–306
Mukherji A, Shah T, Giordiano M (2012) Managing energy-irrigation Nexus in India: a typology of state interventions. Water policy research highlight no. 36, IWMI-Tata, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Murray-Darling basin Authority (MDBA) (2017) The Murray–Darling Basin Water Compliance Review Containing reports by the Murray–Darling Basin Authority and the Independent Review Panel. Canberra.
Nabavi E (2018) Failed policies, falling aquifers: unpacking groundwater overabstraction in Iran. Water Altern 11(3):699–724
Nassif MH (2016) Groundwater governance in the central Beqaa, Lebanon. USAID/IWMI Project Report no. 10, USAID, Amman, Jordan
Nelson R (2011) Uncommon innovation: developments in groundwater management planning in California. Water in the West working paper 1, Woods Institute for the Environment, The Bill Lane Center for the American West, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
NRAR (2020) NRAR tightens up water compliance in Hawkesbury area. Media Release 17 July 2020. wwwindustrynswgovau/natural-resources-access-regulator/about-nrar/nrar-news/nrar-tightens-up-water-compliance-in-hawkesbury-area. Accessed 11 November 2020
NSW (New South Wales Department of Planning, Industry and Environment) (2020) NSW non-urban water metering framework. http://www.industry.nsw.gov.au/water/metering. Accessed November 2020
NSW Ombudsman (2019) Investigation into water compliance and enforcement 2007–17: a special report to Parliament under section 31 of the Ombudsman Act 1974. NSW Ombudsman, Australia
OECD (2013) Making water reform happen in Mexico. In: OECD Studies on Water series, OECD, Paris
OECD (2015) Drying wells, rising stakes: towards sustainable agricultural groundwater use. In: OECD Studies on Water series, OECD, Paris
OECD (2016) Turning groundwater into farmers’ underground insurance against climate change. OECD Insights. http://oecdinsightsorg/2017/01/19/groundwater-agriculture-climate-change/. Accessed 11 November 2020
Parker C, Nielsen VL (2011) Introduction. In: Parker C, Nielsen VL (eds) Explaining compliance: business responses to regulation. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham Glos, UK, pp 1–36
Patterson L, Doyle M, Monsma D (2017) Internet of water: sharing and integrating data for sustainability—a report from the Aspen Institute Dialogue Series on Water Data. The Aspen Institute, Washington, DC
Reis N (2014) Coyotes, concessions and construction companies: illegal water markets and legally constructed water scarcity in central Mexico. Water Altern 7(3):542–560
Rinaudo JD (2020) Groundwater policy in France: from private to collective management. In: Rinaudo JD, Holley C, Barnett S, Montginoul M (eds) Sustainable groundwater management: a comparative analysis of French and Australian policies and implications to other countries. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp 47–65
Saade-Sbeih M (2011) L’exploitation des eaux souterraines en Syrie centrale: construction de diagnostics et politiques d’intervention [Groundwater exploitation in central Syria: designing diagnoses and policy interventions]. PhD Thesis, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
Sanz D, Calera A, Castaño A, Gómez-Alday JJ (2016) Knowledge, participation, and transparency in groundwater management. Water Policy 18(1):111–125
Shah T (2009) Taming the anarchy: groundwater governance in South Asia. RFF, Washington, DC
Shah T, Makin I, Sakthivadivel R (2000) Limits to leapfrogging: issues in transposing successful River Basin management institutions to the developing world. IWMI, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Shah T, Mehta M, Sankar G, Mondal S (2012) Organizational reform in Gujaratʼs electricity utility: lessons for revitalizing a bureaucratic service delivery agency. IWMI-TATA vol 6, IWMI, Colombo, Sri Lanka
The State of Victoria (2019) Victorian non-urban water metering policy. Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. wwwwatervicgovau/__data/assets/pdf_file/0030/459831/NonUrbanWaterPolicy_2020pdf. Accessed 11 November 2020
Thomas BF, Famiglietti JS (2019) Identifying climate-induced groundwater depletion in GRACE observations. Sci Rep 9:4124. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40155-y
Ursitti A, Giannocaro G, Prosperi M, De Meo E, Gennaro BC (2018) The magnitude and cost of groundwater metering in agriculture. Water 10(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/w10030344
USAID (2014) Socio-economic analysis report impact assessment of groundwater wells in Jordan. Institutional support and strengthening program. USAID, Amman, Jordan
van Koppen B, Schreiner B (2018) A hybrid approach to decolonize formal water law in Africa. IWMI research report 173, IWMI, Colombo, Sri Lank. https://doi.org/10.5337/2018.219
Venot JP, Molle F, Hassan Y (2007) Irrigated agriculture, water pricing and water savings in the lower Jordan River basin (in Jordan). Research report 18, Comprehensive assessment of water management in Agriculture. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka
Wada Y, van Beek LPH, van Kempen CM, Reckman JWTM, Vasak S, Bierkens MFP (2010) Global depletion of groundwater resources. Geophys Res Lett 37(20). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044571
Wang X, Shao J, van Steenbergen F, Zhang Q (2017) Implementing the prepaid smart meter system for irrigated groundwater production in northern China: status and problems. Water 9:379
Water Act, (2012) Chapter 372. The Republic of Kenya. http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/RepealedStatutes/WaterAct_Cap372_.pdf (Cited 15 February 2020).
Water Governance Facility (2013) Groundwater governance in India: stumbling blocks for law and compliance. WGF report no. 3. SIWI, Stockholm
Wijnen M, Augeard B, Hiller B, Ward C, Huntjens P (2012) Managing the invisible: understanding and improving groundwater governance. Water Papers, World Bank, Washington, DC
WIN (2011) Corruption risks and governance challenges in the irrigation sector: what are priorities for water integrity. WIN Thematic Paper, Water Integrity Network, Berlin
World Bank (2010) Deep wells and prudence: towards pragmatic action for addressing groundwater overexploitation in India. World Bank, Washington, DC
World Bank (2013) Lighting rural India: experience of rural load segregation schemes in states. Energy Sector Unit, South Asia Sustainable Development, Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program, World Bank, Wahington, DC
Zaman A (2015) The Barind Multipurpose Development Authority: a model for financial sustainability, PPT presentation, 7th World Water Forum, Doegu and Gyeongbuk, Korea, April 12–17, 2015
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors state that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Molle, F., Closas, A. Groundwater metering: revisiting a ubiquitous ‘best practice’. Hydrogeol J 29, 1857–1870 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02353-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02353-9