Abstract
The geology of Sri Lanka captures one of the longest and most complete records of Jurassic to Miocene tectonic evolutions from the mid-latitudes of the southern hemisphere to the equatorial northern hemisphere. Sedimentary basins in Sri Lanka provide a natural laboratory with which to reconstruct paleoclimate during the island’s northward voyage from Gondwana to Asia. Here, drill core cuttings were obtained from the Barracuda hydrocarbon exploration well in the offshore Mannar Basin, Sri Lanka. CHNS elemental analysis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and stable C and N isotopic analyses were performed. The results suggest the deposition of organic carbon depleted (average total organic carbon (TOC) = 0.97%) sediments under the arid climate of the Early Campanian. Separation of the Laxmi Ridge-Seychelles and Seychelles from the Indian plate and sea-level regression may have enhanced the deposition of organic carbon–rich (average TOC = 1.34%) and terrestrial organic matter (OM)–rich (average C/N ratio = 20.36) sediments during the Late Campanian to Late Maastrichtian. CaCO3-rich (average = 32.5%) Upper Cretaceous sediments then show a period of high productivity under a warm climate. The Deccan-Reunion basalt likely acted as a major contributor to the mass extinction of coccolithophores/foraminifera at the Late Maastrichtian followed by a reduction of CaCO3 and organic carbon content. The Early-Late Paleocene was characterized by the deposition of algal-derived OM with a terrestrial contribution (average C/N ratio = 15.75) under oxic depositional conditions (average C/S ratio = 16.21). However, the depositional environment changed drastically to one of oxygen-poor marine conditions (average C/S ratio = 6.83) during the Late Paleocene to the Early Oligocene due to weak oceanic circulation under a greenhouse climate. In contrast, the deposition of CaCO3-rich sediments since the Late Paleocene (average = 40.2%) is linked to the movement of the Indian plate into northern, warmer tropical latitudes. The Middle Oligocene to Miocene sedimentary succession was characterized by terrestrial OM-rich (average TOC = 2.51% and C/N = 23.45) sediments. The Middle-Upper Miocene sedimentary succession contains lamination and back carbon (charcoal fragments) suggesting the development of the present-day South Asian monsoon system. This record from Sri Lanka provides important new insights into Jurassic-Miocene geological and climatic evolution in this tropical part of the world for the first time.
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Acknowledgements
The author would like to acknowledge the financial support for this study provided by Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development (AHEAD) Development Oriented Research (DOR) grant. The author also acknowledges the support of MEXT Scholarship (the Japanese Ministry of Education and Culture) for completing early-stage research publications linked to this project. Furthermore, I would like to greatly acknowledge Prof. Yoshikazu Sampei, Shimane University Japan, and Prof. Thomas Algeo, University of Cincinnati, USA, for valuable comments and suggestions. I would also like to thank Director General Saliya Wickramasuriya and Petroleum Geologist C.W. Kularathne of the Petroleum Resources Development Secretariat (PRDS) of Sri Lanka for providing the rock cuttings for this study. I thank Dr. Patrick Roberts, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Germany, for editorial suggestions, and Dr. Andrew Green, Editor-in-Chief, and anonymous reviewers for their help and critical reviews.
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Ratnayake, A.S. Late Cretaceous to Miocene Paleoclimatic changes in the Indian Ocean: insights from the deepwater Mannar Basin, Sri Lanka. Geo-Mar Lett 41, 37 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-021-00710-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-021-00710-x