Abstract
This work reports the development and validation of evaluation methods for measurements of 3D, instantaneous, local flame propagation speed on a turbulent methane jet diffusion flame. Despite its fundamental importance to turbulent flame research, the experimental measurements for 3D flame propagation speed are scarce due to the complexity of turbulent flame surfaces and the mathematical challenges. Existing evaluation methods based on surface fitting and normal vectors cannot be readily extended to a laboratory-scale, turbulent flame. Two new methods were therefore developed to address this issue. The methods were validated numerically with artificially created phantoms and experimentally with 3D flame structures obtained by tomographic chemiluminescence on a turbulent jet flame. The methods were demonstrated to be able to evaluate the 3D flame propagation speed of complex flame structures with significantly enhanced accuracy and robustness. Based on the evaluations, the relationship between flame propagation speed and curvature was studied on the presented flame.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
05 October 2021
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-021-00294-7
References
Ahmed, S.F., Mastorakos, E.: Spark ignition of lifted turbulent jet flames. Combust. Flame 146(1), 215–231 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2006.03.007
Bosschaart, K.J., de Goey, L.P.H.: The laminar burning velocity of flames propagating in mixtures of hydrocarbons and air measured with the heat flux method. Combust. Flame 136(3), 261–269 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2003.10.005
Cai, W., Li, X., Li, F., Ma, L.: Numerical and experimental validation of a three-dimensional combustion diagnostic based on tomographic chemiluminescence. Opt. Express 21(6), 7050–7064 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.007050
Chakraborty, N., Klein, M., Cant, R.S.: Stretch rate effects on displacement speed in turbulent premixed flame kernels in the thin reaction zones regime. Proc. Combust. Inst. 31(1), 1385–1392 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2006.07.184
Chakraborty, N., Hartung, G., Katragadda, M., Kaminski, C.F.: Comparison of 2D and 3D density-weighted displacement speed statistics and implications for laser based measurements of flame displacement speed using direct numerical simulation data. Combust. Flame 158(7), 1372–1390 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.11.014
Dean, D.V.: Multiplicative algebraic computed tomographic algorithms for the reconstruction of multidirectional interferometric data. Opt. Eng. 32(2), 410–419 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.60852
Dong, R., Lei, Q., Chi, Y., Song, E., Fan, W.: Analysis of global and local hydrodynamic instabilities on a high-speed jet diffusion flame via time-resolved 3D measurements. Flow Turbulence Combus (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-021-00251-4
Echekki, T., Mungal, M.G.: Flame speed measurements at the tip of a slot burner: Effects of flame curvature and hydrodynamic stretch. In: Symposium (International) on Combustion 23(1), 455–461 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(06)80291-2
Echekki, T., Chen, J.H.: Analysis of the contribution of curvature to premixed flame propagation. Combust. Flame 118(1), 308–311 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-2180(99)00006-1
Elsinga, G.E., Scarano, F., Wieneke, B., van Oudheusden, B.W.: Tomographic particle image velocimetry. Exp. Fluids 41(6), 933–947 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-006-0212-z
Floyd, J.: Computed Tomography of Chemiluminescence: A 3D Time Resolved Sensor for Turbulent Combustion. Imperial College London (2009)
Halls, B.R., Hsu, P.S., Jiang, N., Legge, E.S., Felver, J.J., Slipchenko, M.N., Roy, S., Meyer, T.R., Gord, J.R.: kHz-rate four-dimensional fluorescence tomography using an ultraviolet-tunable narrowband burst-mode optical parametric oscillator. Optica 4(8), 897–902 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.4.000897
Halls, B.R., Hsu, P.S., Roy, S., Meyer, T.R., Gord, J.R.: Two-color volumetric laser-induced fluorescence for 3D OH and temperature fields in turbulent reacting flows. Opt. Lett. 43(12), 2961–2964 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.43.002961
Han, I., Huh, K.Y.: Roles of displacement speed on evolution of flame surface density for different turbulent intensities and Lewis numbers in turbulent premixed combustion. Combust. Flame 152(1), 194–205 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2007.10.003
Hartung, G., Hult, J., Balachandran, R., Mackley, M.R., Kaminski, C.F.: Flame front tracking in turbulent lean premixed flames using stereo PIV and time-sequenced planar LIF of OH. Appl. Phys. B 96(4), 843–862 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-009-3647-0
Ishino, Y., Ohiwa, N.: Three-dimensional computerized tomographic reconstruction of instantaneous distribution of chemiluminescence of a turbulent premixed flame. JSME Int J. Ser. B 48(1), 34–40 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1299/jsmeb.48.34
Ishino, Y., Hayashi, N., Abd Razak, I.F.B., Kato, T., Kurimoto, Y., Saiki, Y.: 3D-CT (Computer tomography) measurement of an instantaneous density distribution of turbulent flames with a multi-directional quantitative schlieren camera (reconstructions of high-speed premixed burner flames with different flow velocities). Flow Turbulence Combus 96(3), 819–835 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-015-9658-5
Jin, Y., Zhang, W., Song, Y., Qu, X., Li, Z., Ji, Y., He, A.: Three-dimensional rapid flame chemiluminescence tomography via deep learning. Opt. Express 27(19), 27308–27334 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.027308
Kerl, J., Lawn, C., Beyrau, F.: Three-dimensional flame displacement speed and flame front curvature measurements using quad-plane PIV. Combust. Flame 160(12), 2757–2769 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.07.002
Leahy, R.M., Clackdoyle, R., Noo, F.: Chapter 26 - Computed Tomography. In: Bovik, A. (ed.) The Essential Guide to Image Processing, pp. 741–776. Academic Press, Boston (2009)
Lei, Q., Wu, Y., Xiao, H., Ma, L.: Analysis of four-dimensional Mie imaging using fiber-based endoscopes. Appl. Opt. 53(28), 6389–6398 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.53.006389
Li, X., Ma, L.: Volumetric imaging of turbulent reactive flows at kHz based on computed tomography. Opt. Express 22(4), 4768–4778 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.004768
Li, T., Pareja, J., Fuest, F., Schütte, M., Zhou, Y., Dreizler, A., Böhm, B.: Tomographic imaging of OH laser-induced fluorescence in laminar and turbulent jet flames. Meas. Sci. Technol. 29(1), 015206 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aa938a
Long, E.J., Hargrave, G.K.: Experimental measurement of local burning velocity within a rotating flow. Flow Turbul. Combust. 86(3), 455–476 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-011-9331-6
Lorensen, W.E., Cline, H.E.: Marching cubes: a high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm. ACM SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph. 21(4), 163–169 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1145/37402.37422
Ma, L., Lei, Q., Wu, Y., Xu, W., Ombrello, T.M., Carter, C.D.: From ignition to stable combustion in a cavity flameholder studied via 3D tomographic chemiluminescence at 20 kHz. Combust. Flame 165, 1–10 (2016a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.08.026
Ma, L., Wu, Y., Lei, Q., Xu, W., Carter, C.D.: 3D flame topography and curvature measurements at 5 kHz on a premixed turbulent Bunsen flame. Combust. Flame 166, 66–75 (2016b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.12.031
Ma, L., Lei, Q., Ikeda, J., Xu, W., Wu, Y., Carter, C.D.: Single-shot 3D flame diagnostic based on volumetric laser induced fluorescence (VLIF). Proc. Combust. Inst. 36(3), 4575–4583 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.07.050
Minas, C., Waddell, S.J., Montana, G.: Distance-based differential analysis of gene curves. Bioinformatics 27(22), 3135–3141 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btr528
Moeck, J.P., Bourgouin, J.-F., Durox, D., Schuller, T., Candel, S.: Tomographic reconstruction of heat release rate perturbations induced by helical modes in turbulent swirl flames. Exp. Fluids 54(4), 1498 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-013-1498-2
Mohri, K., Görs, S., Schöler, J., Rittler, A., Dreier, T., Schulz, C., Kempf, A.: Instantaneous 3D imaging of highly turbulent flames using computed tomography of chemiluminescence. Appl. Opt. 56(26), 7385–7395 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.56.007385
Nicolas, F., Todoroff, V., Plyer, A., Le Besnerais, G., Donjat, D., Micheli, F., Champagnat, F., Cornic, P., Le Sant, Y.: A direct approach for instantaneous 3D density field reconstruction from background-oriented schlieren (BOS) measurements. Exp. Fluids 57(1), 13 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-015-2100-x
Pareja, J., Johchi, A., Li, T., Dreizler, A., Böhm, B.: A study of the spatial and temporal evolution of auto-ignition kernels using time-resolved tomographic OH-LIF. Proc. Combust. Inst. 37(2), 1321–1328 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.06.028
Park, D.J., Green, A.R., Lee, Y.S., Chen, Y.-C.: Experimental studies on interactions between a freely propagating flame and single obstacles in a rectangular confinement. Combust. Flame 150(1), 27–39 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2007.04.005
Peters, N., Terhoeven, P., Chen, J.H., Echekki, T.: Statistics of flame displacement speeds from computations of 2-D unsteady methane-air flames. In: Symposium (International) on Combustion 27(1), 833–839 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(98)80479-7
Peterson, B., Baum, E., Böhm, B., Dreizler, A.: Early flame propagation in a spark-ignition engine measured with quasi 4D-diagnostics. Proc. Combust. Inst. 35(3), 3829–3837 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.131
Renou, B., Boukhalfa, A., Puechberty, D., Trinité, M.: Local scalar flame properties of freely propagating premixed turbulent flames at various Lewis numbers. Combust. Flame 123(4), 507–521 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-2180(00)00180-2
Ruan, C., Yu, T., Chen, F., Wang, S., Cai, W., Lu, X.: Experimental characterization of the spatiotemporal dynamics of a turbulent flame in a gas turbine model combustor using computed tomography of chemiluminescence. Energy 170, 744–751 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.215
Ruetsch, G.R., Vervisch, L., Liñán, A.: Effects of heat release on triple flames. Phys. Fluids 7(6), 1447–1454 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.868531
Shaddix, C.R., Williams, T.C.: The effect of oxygen enrichment on soot formation and thermal radiation in turbulent, non-premixed methane flames. Proc. Combust. Inst. 36(3), 4051–4059 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.06.106
Trunk, P.J., Boxx, I., Heeger, C., Meier, W., Böhm, B., Dreizler, A.: Premixed flame propagation in turbulent flow by means of stereoscopic PIV and dual-plane OH-PLIF at sustained kHz repetition rates. Proc. Combust. Inst. 34(2), 3565–3572 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2012.06.025
Upton, T.D., Verhoeven, D.D., Hudgins, D.E.: High-resolution computed tomography of a turbulent reacting flow. Exp. Fluids 50(1), 125–134 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-010-0900-6
Wang, L., Endrud, N.E., Turns, S.R., D’Agostini, M.D., Slavejkov, A.G.: A study of the influence of oxygen index on soot, radiation, and emission characteristics of turbulent jet flames. Combust. Sci. Technol. 174(8), 45–72 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1080/00102200290021245
Wiseman, S.M., Brear, M.J., Gordon, R.L., Marusic, I.: Measurements from flame chemiluminescence tomography of forced laminar premixed propane flames. Combust. Flame 183, 1–14 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.05.003
Worth, N.A., Dawson, J.R.: Tomographic reconstruction of OH* chemiluminescence in two interacting turbulent flames. Meas. Sci. Technol. 24(2), 024013 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/2/024013
Yu, T., Wang, Q., Ruan, C., Chen, F., Cai, W., Lu, X., Klein, M.: A quantitative evaluation method of 3D flame curvature from reconstructed flame structure. Exp. Fluids 61(2), 66 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-020-2905-0
Zhang, Z.: A flexible new technique for camera calibration. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 22(11), 1330–1334 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1109/34.888718
Zhou, W., Bovik, A.C., Sheikh, H.R., Simoncelli, E.P.: Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 13(4), 600–612 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2003.819861
Acknowledgements
We thank the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 91741108 and No. 51876179) and the National Science and Technology Major Project (J2019-I-0003). Yeqing Chi is grateful to the Innovation Foundation for Doctor Dissertation of Northwestern Polytechnical University (CX201950).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no competing interests in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
The original online version of this article was revised: Updates have been made.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chi, Y., Lei, Q., Song, E. et al. Development and Validation of Evaluation Methods for 3D Flame Propagation Speed of Turbulent Non-premixed Edge Flames via Tomographic Chemiluminescence. Flow Turbulence Combust 108, 539–557 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-021-00285-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-021-00285-8