Abstract
To better understand the biodiversity-biogeographic polar connections between southern South America and Antarctica (SSA & A), we used benthic communities of hydroids as a model to investigate marine assemblages by evaluating classic spatial divisions at different geographical resolutions. Using a georeferenced dataset of 249 species and multivariate analyses, we investigated species’ distribution, composition and biogeographic connectivity, and defined assemblages of ecoregions and provinces for the area. Hotspots of rich biodiversity at risk of depletion were defined. Analyses of ecoregions have a more stratified biogeographic structure, and reveal critical regions susceptible to loss of diversity. Analyses of provinces show a clear division between Atlantic-Pacific and Antarctic-Subantartic assemblages, with high biogeographic isolation of the Subantarctic islands. Depending on spatial resolution, the biogeographic position of the Magellan area is spatially contradictory, clustering on the one hand with SSA ecoregions and on the other with Antarctic provinces. Our patterns appear to be driven by different combinations of processes and barriers, reflected in the stratified distribution of hydroids. The high level of endemism and concentration of species at the edge of distribution in the Magellan area and Scotia Arc suggest their transitional nature and particular importance for understanding the historical and ecological connections between SSA & A.
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Acknowledgements
We are thankful to André Morandini, Eduardo Hajdu, Fernando Jerep, Rosana Rocha, and Ricardo Pinto-da-Rocha for comments and suggestions on previous versions of this manuscript. Also to Amanda F. Cunha and María A. Mendoza-Becerril for their valuable help in clarifying some taxonomic and biogeographic questions about species of the families Campanulariidae and Bougainvilliidae, respectively. We are grateful to the curators and collection managers at Departamento de Zoologia da Universidade Federal do Paraná (Curitiba, Brazil), Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre, Brazil), Great North Museum Hancock (Newcastle, UK), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarollo Pesquero (Mar del Plata, Argentina), Museum d’Histoire Naturelle de la Ville de Genève (Geneva, Switzerland), Museo de La Plata (La Plata, Argentina), Museu Nacional da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo, Brazil), Natural History Museum (London, UK), Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Leiden, Netherlands), Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (Washington DC, USA), Zoologisches Museum Universität Hamburg (Hamburg, Germany), and Zoologische Staatssammlung München (Munich, Germany) for their permission and support in accessing specimens of hydroids and geographic data from South America and Antarctica. This manuscript was immensely improved by the contributions of Cristina G. Di Camillo, Mark J. Gibbons, and an anonymous reviewer, to whom we are grateful.
Funding
This study received financial support from CAPES-PDSE (Proc. BEX 9194/11-8), CNPq (Proc. 490348/2006-8, 142269/2010-7, 477156/2011-8, 445444/2014-2, 309995/2017-5, 429738/2018-8, 170969/2018-5), and FAPESP (Proc. 2010/06927–0, 2011/50242-5, 2012/21453-0, 2013/10821-1, 2014/24407-5, 2018/04257-0).
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ACM and TPM conceived the ideas with assistance from AGC, GNG, and MOF; ACM, ALPC, GNG, and TPM collected the data; MOF and TPM analyzed the data; all authors led the writing.
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Miranda, T.P., Fernandez, M.O., Genzano, G.N. et al. Biodiversity and biogeography of hydroids across marine ecoregions and provinces of southern South America and Antarctica. Polar Biol 44, 1669–1689 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02909-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02909-1