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Amygdalus spinosissima root extract enhanced scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment in mice

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Abstract

The Amygdalus spinosissima (Rosaceae) plant has been used in the Iranian folk medicine as a remedy for the burn wound. Hence, in this study, we aimed to determine the possible medicinal potential of the plant focusing on the root part. The bioactive phenolic and flavonoid compounds present in the root extract of the Amygdalus spinosissima plant as well as its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were determined. Moreover, the effects of root extract on learning and memory in mice were evaluated. The results revealed that the root methanolic extract contained phenolic and flavonoid compounds including apigenin, quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, gallic acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, and ellagic acid. The extract possessed antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities in vitro. These biological activities were attributed to the presence of phenolics and flavonoids. The A. spinosissima root extract improved learning and memory function in scopolamine-induced memory dysfunction in mice as determined using the Morris water maze task. The extract modulated the AChE, BChE, and inflammatory genes and enhanced the expression of the antioxidant enzymes in the brain. Consequently, A. spinosissima root extract could be considered as a promising source of potent bioactive compounds in the retarding the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

    Maryam Sajjadi & Ehsan Karimi

  2. Mashhad Branch, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran

    Ehsan Oskoueian

  3. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia

    Mahdi Ebrahimi

Authors
  1. Maryam Sajjadi
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  2. Ehsan Oskoueian
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  3. Ehsan Karimi
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  4. Mahdi Ebrahimi
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Contributions

Study design and experimental work were conducted by M. Sajjadi under the supervision of E. Oskoueian and E. Karimi. The in vitro and in vivo studies were carried out by M. Sajjadi and M. Ebrahimi. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ehsan Oskoueian or Ehsan Karimi.

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All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.

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Sajjadi, M., Oskoueian, E., Karimi, E. et al. Amygdalus spinosissima root extract enhanced scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment in mice. Metab Brain Dis 36, 1859–1869 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-021-00768-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-021-00768-7

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