Abstract
Increased demands for water affect its quality and availability and threaten biodiversity. In freshwaters, the Chironomidae (Diptera) represents ~ 50% of macroinvertebrate individuals and have great potential to improve ecological assessment tools. Incorporating trait-based approaches in those tools can further improve how we assess the effects of human disturbances on aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages. Given that chironomid genera have different degrees of sensitivity to anthropogenic disturbances, we expected that composition, structure and functional characteristics of chironomid genera would be negatively affected by anthropogenic disturbances in a neotropical savanna river basin. We used nine traits in 32 categories related to Chironomidae functional roles. Out of 6147 individuals distributed in three subfamilies, we identified 52 chironomid genera collected from 30 randomly selected stream sites. The index of functional divergence was lower in places with greater anthropogenic disturbance of riparian vegetation. A RLQ matrix analysis revealed a significant relationship between genera abundance and environmental variables as well as with biological traits. We observed a positive relationship between Tanypodinae, which are mainly engulfer predators, with average embeddedness, % sand and catchment pasture. Three Chironomidae genera (Stenochironomus, Endotribelos and Beardius) were positively related to miner habit, herbivore feeding strategy and larger body size. We found that physical habitat structure and food resources were the most important factors structuring Chironomidae assemblages in the study sites and that chironomid genera were effective for assessing basin ecological status.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data are available by requesting the corresponding author's email.
References
Agra J, Ligeiro R, Heino J et al (2021) Anthropogenic disturbances alter the relationships between environmental heterogeneity and biodiversity of stream insects. Ecol Indic. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107079
Allan JD (2004) Landscapes and riverscapes: the influence of land use on stream ecosystems. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 35:257–284. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.120202.110122
Alvares CA, Stape JL, Sentelhas PC et al (2013) Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorol Zeitschrift 22:711–728. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507
Amorim RM, Henriques-Oliveira AL, Nessimian JL (2004) Distribuição espacial e temporal das larvas de Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) na seção ritral do rio Cascatinha, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Lundiana 5:119–127
Angradi TR (1999) Fine sediment and macroinvertebrate assemblages in Appalachian streams: a field experiment with biomonitoring applications. J North Am Benthol Soc 18:49–66. https://doi.org/10.2307/1468008
Armitage P, Cranston PS, Pinder LCV (1995) The Chironomidae. The Biologyand Ecology of Non-biting Midges. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
Azevedo IFP, Nunes YRF, Veloso MDM et al (2009) Preservação estratégica para recuperar o São Francisco. Sci Am Bras 83:74–79
Beermann AJ, Elbrecht V, Karnatz S et al (2018) Multiple-stressor effects on stream macroinvertebrate communities: a mesocosm experiment manipulating salinity, fine sediment and flow velocity. Sci Total Environ 610–611:961–971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.084
Berger E, Haase P, Schäfer RB, Sundermann A (2018) Towards stressor-specific macroinvertebrate indices: which traits and taxonomic groups are associated with vulnerable and tolerant taxa? Sci Total Environ 619:144–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.022
Boyero L, Pearson RG, Gessner MO et al (2015) Leaf-litter breakdown in tropical streams: is variability the norm? Freshw Sci 34:759–769. https://doi.org/10.1086/681093
Brito JG, Roque FO, Martins RT et al (2020) Small forest losses degrade stream macroinvertebrate assemblages in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. Biol Conserv. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108263
Bryce SA, Lomnicky GA, Kaufmann PR (2010) Protecting sediment-sensitive aquatic species in mountain streams through the application of biologically based streambed sediment criteria. J North Am Benthol Soc 29:657–672. https://doi.org/10.1899/09-061.1
Buendia C, Gibbins CN, Vericat D et al (2013) Detecting the structural and functional impacts of fine sediment on stream invertebrates. Ecol Indic 25:184–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.09.027
Burdon FJ, McIntosh AR, Harding JS (2013) Habitat loss drives threshold response of benthic invertebrate communities to deposited sediment in agricultural streams. Ecol Appl 23:1036–1047. https://doi.org/10.1890/12-1190.1
Butakka CMM, Ragonha FH, Train S et al (2016) Chironomidae feeding habits in different habitats from a Neotropical floodplain: exploring patterns in aquatic food webs. Brazilian J Biol 76:117–125. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.14614
Callisto M, Graça MAS (2013) The quality and availability of fine particulate organic matter for collector species in headwater streams. Int Rev Hydrobiol 98:132–140. https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.201301524
Callisto M, Gonçalves JFJ, Graça MAS (2007) Leaf litter as a possible food source for chironomids (Diptera) in Brazilian and Portuguese headwater streams. Rev Bras Zool 24:442–448
Callisto M, Macedo DR, Linares MS, Hughes RM (2019a) Multi-status and multi-spatial scale assessment of landscape effects on benthic macroinvertebrates in the neotropical savanna. In: Hughes RM, Infante DM, Wang L et al (eds) Advances in Understanding Landscape iIfluences on Freshwater Habitats and bBological Assemblages. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, pp 275–302
Callisto M, Solar R, Silveira FAO et al (2019b) A Humboldtian approach to mountain conservation and freshwater ecosystem services. Front Environ Sci 7:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00195
Cañedo-Argüelles M, Bogan MT, Lytle DA, Prat N (2016) Are Chironomidae (Diptera) good indicators of water scarcity? Dryland streams as a case study. Ecol Indic 71:155–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.07.002
Cenzano C, Würdig N (2006) Spatial and temporal variations of the benthic macrofauna in different habitats of a lagoon of the northern coastal system of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Acta Limnol Bras 18:153–163
Chen K, Rajper AR, Hughes RM et al (2019) Incorporating functional traits to enhance multimetric index performance and assess land use gradients. Sci Total Environ 691:1005–1015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.047
Chessel D, Dufour AB, Thioulouse J (2004) The ade4 package-I-one-table methods.
Collen B, Whitton F, Dyer EE et al (2014) Global patterns of freshwater species diversity, threat and endemism. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 23:40–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12096
Cortelezzi A, Simoy MV, Siri A et al (2020) New insights on bioindicator value of Chironomids by using occupancy modelling. Ecol Indic. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106619
Cranston PS, Cooper PD, Hardwick RA et al (1997) Tropical acid streams – the chironomid (Diptera) response in northern Australia. Freshw Biol 37:473–483. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1997.00136.x
Dala-Corte RB, Melo AS, Siqueira T et al (2020) Thresholds of freshwater biodiversity in response to riparian vegetation loss in the Neotropical region. J Appl Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13657
de Castro DMP, Dolédec S, Callisto M (2018) Land cover disturbance homogenizes aquatic insect functional structure in neotropical savanna streams. Ecol Indic 84:573–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.09.030
Death RG, Joy MK (2004) Invertebrate community structure in streams of the Manawatu-Wanganui region, New Zealand: The roles of catchment versus reach scale influences. Freshw Biol 49:982–997. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01243.x
Dolédec S, Statzner B (2008) Invertebrate traits for the biomonitoring of large European rivers: an assessment of specific types of human impact. Freshw Biol 53:617–634. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01924.x
Dolédec S, Statzner B (2010) Responses of freshwater biota to human disturbances: contribution of J-NABS to developments in ecological integrity assessments. J North Am Benthol Soc 29:286–311. https://doi.org/10.1899/08-090.1
Dolédec S, Chessel D, ter Braak CJF, Champely S (1996) Matching species traits to environmental variables: a new three-table ordination method. Environ Ecol Stat 3:143–166. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.27419
Dray S, Choler P, Dolédec S et al (2014) Combining the fourth-corner and the RLQ methods for assessing trait responses to environmental variation. Ecology 95:14–21
Drummond GM, Martins CS, Machado ABM, et al (2005) Biodiversidade em Minas Gerais, 2nd edn. Fundação Biodiversitas, Belo Horizonte
Feio MJ, Dolédec S, Graça MAS (2015) Human disturbance affects the long-term spatial synchrony of freshwater invertebrate communities. Environ Pollut 196:300–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.09.026
Ferreira WR, Ligeiro R, Macedo DR et al (2015) Is the diet of a typical shredder related to the physical habitat of headwater streams in the Brazilian Cerrado? Ann Limnol Int J Limnol 51:115–124. https://doi.org/10.1051/limn/2015004
Firmiano KR, Castro DMP, Linares MS, Callisto M (2021) Functional responses of aquatic invertebrates to anthropogenic stressors in riparian zones of neotropical savanna streams. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141865
Floury M, Usseglio-Polatera P, Delattre C, Souchon Y (2017) Assessing long-term effects of multiple, potentially confounded drivers in ecosystems from species traits. Glob Chang Biol 23:2297–2307. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13575
Gangloff MM, Edgar GJ, Wilson B (2016) Imperilled species in aquatic ecosystems: emerging threats, management and future prognoses. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 26:858–871. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2707
Gomes WIA, da Jovem-Azevêdo D, Paiva FF et al (2018) Functional attributes of Chironomidae for detecting anthropogenic impacts on reservoirs: a biomonitoring approach. Ecol Indic 93:404–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.05.006
Graça MAS (2001) The role of invertebrates on elaf litter decomposition in streams - a review. Int Rev Hydrobiol 86:383–393
Gregory SV, Swanson FJ, McKee WA, Cummins KW (1991) An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones. Bioscience 41:540–551. https://doi.org/10.2307/1311607
Hamada N, Thorp JH, Rogers DC (2019) Keys to Neotropical Hexapoda. Academic Press, London, UK, Fourth
Herlihy SJC, Hughes RM et al (2020) The relation of lotic fish and benthic macroinvertebrate condition indices to environmental factors across the conterminous USA. Ecol Indic. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105958
Higuti J, Takeda AM (2002) Spatial and temporal variation in densities of chironomid larvae (Diptera) in two lagoons and two tributaries of the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Brazilian J Biol 62:807–818. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842002000500010
Hughes R, Larsen DP, Omernik JM (1986) Regional reference sites: a method for assessing stream potentials. Environ Manage 10:629–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01866767
Instituto Estadual de Florestas (2019) Plano de Manejo Área de Proteção Ambiental Estadual do Rio Pandeiros. Belo Horizonte
Jovem-Azevêdo D, Bezerra-Neto JF, Azevêdo EL et al (2019) Dipteran assemblages as functional indicators of extreme droughts. J Arid Environ 164:12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.01.014
Karr JR (1981) Assessment of Biotic Integrity Using Fish Communities. Fisheries 6:21–27
Karr JR, Chu EW (1999) Restoring Life in Running Waters: Better Biological Monitoring. Island Press, Washington, DC
Kaufmann PR, Hughes RM (2006) Geomorphic and anthropogenic influences on fish and amphibians in Pacific Northwest coastal streams. In: Hughes RM, Wang L, Seelbach P (eds) Landscape Influences on Stream Habitat and Biological Assemblages. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, pp 429–455
Kaufmann PR, Levine P, Robison EG, et al (1999) Quantifying Physical Habitat in Wadeable Streams. Washington, DC
Kaufmann PR, Larsen DP, Faustini JM (2009) Bed stability and sedimentation associated with human disturbances in Pacific Northwest streams. J Am Water Resour Assoc 45:434–459. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00301.x
Kuzmanovic M, Dolédec S, de Castro-Catala N et al (2017) Environmental stressors as a driver of the trait composition of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in polluted Iberian rivers. Environ Res 156:485–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.054
Laliberté E, Legendre P, Shipley B (2014) FD: measuring functional diversity from multiple traits, and other tools for functional ecology.
Laliberte E, Legendre P (2010) A distance-based framework for measuring functional diversity from multiple traits Author ( s ): Etienne Laliberte and Pierre Legendre Stable URL : http://www.jstor.org/stable/25661046 A distance-based framework for measuring fun from multiple traits. Ecology 91:299–305
Latrubesse EM, Arima E, Ferreira ME et al (2019) Fostering water resource governance and conservation in the Brazilian Cerrado biome. Conserv Sci Pract 1:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.77
Leitão RP, Zuanon J, Mouillot D et al (2018) Disentangling the pathways of land use impacts on the functional structure of fish assemblages in Amazon streams. Ecography (cop) 41:219–232. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02845
Li L, Liu L, Hughes RM et al (2014) Towards a protocol for stream macroinvertebrate sampling in China. Environ Monit Assess 186:469–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3391-0
Li Z, Wang J, Liu Z et al (2019) Different responses of taxonomic and functional structures of stream macroinvertebrate communities to local stressors and regional factors in a subtropical biodiversity hotspot. Sci Total Environ 655:1288–1300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.222
Ligeiro R, Hughes RM, Kaufmann PR et al (2013) Defining quantitative stream disturbance gradients and the additive role of habitat variation to explain macroinvertebrate taxa richness. Ecol Indic 25:45–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.09.004
Macedo DR., Pompeu PS., Morais L, et al (2014) Sampling site selection, land use and cover, field reconnaissance, and sampling. In: Callisto M, Hughes RM, Lopes JM, Castro MA (eds) Ecological Conditions in Hydropower Basins. Serie Peixe Vivo 3. Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, pp 61–83
Macedo DR, Hughes RM, Kaufmann PR, Callisto M (2018) Development and validation of an environmental fragility index (EFI) for the neotropical savannah biome. Sci Total Environ 635:1267–1279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.216
Maire E, Grenouillet G, Brosse S, Villéger S. (2015) How many dimensions are needed to accurately assess functional diversity? A pragmatic approach for assessing the quality of functional spaces Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 24, 728–740.
Martins I, Ligeiro R, Hughes RM et al (2018) Regionalisation is key to establishing reference conditions for neotropical savanna streams. Mar Freshw Res 69:82–94. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF16381
Martins I, Macedo DR, Hughes RM, Callisto M (2020) Are multiple multimetric indices effective for assessing ecological condition in tropical basins? Ecol Indic. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105953
Martins I, Macedo DR, Hughes RM, Callisto M (2021a) Major risks to aquatic biotic condition in a neotropical savanna river basin. River Res Appl. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3801
Martins R, Brito J, Silva; D, et al (2021) Low forest-loss thresholds threaten Amazônia fish and macroinvertebrate assemblage integrity. Ecol Indic
Matthaei CD, Piggott JJ, Townsend CR (2010) Multiple stressors in agricultural streams: Interactions among sediment addition, nutrient enrichment and water abstraction. J Appl Ecol 47:639–649. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01809.x
Morais SS, Molozzi J, Viana AL et al (2010) Diversity of larvae of littoral chironomidae (Diptera: Insecta) and their role as bioindicators in urban reservoirs of different trophic levels. Brazilian J Biol 70:995–1004. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842010000500011
Mouillot D, Graham NAJ, Villéger S et al (2013) A functional approach reveals community responses to disturbances. Trends Ecol Evol 28:167–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.004
Naiman RJ, Bilby RE, Bisson PA (2000) Riparian ecology and management in the Pacific coastal rain forest. Bioscience 50:996–1011
Nicacio G, Juen L (2015) Chironomids as indicators in freshwater ecosystems: an assessment of the literature. Insect Conserv Divers 8:393–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12123
Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Friendly M, et al (2017) Vegan: Community Ecology Package.
Oliveira-Junior JMB, Shimano Y, Gardner TA et al (2015) Neotropical dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) as indicators of ecological condition of small streams in the eastern Amazon. Austral Ecol 40:733–744. https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.12242
Olsen AR, Peck DV (2008) Survey design and extent estimates for the Wadeable Streams Assessment. J North Am Benthol Soc 27:822–836. https://doi.org/10.1899/08-050.1
Paulsen SG, Mayio A, Peck DV et al (2008) Condition of stream ecosystems in the US: an overview of the first national assessment. J North Am Benthol Soc 27:812–821. https://doi.org/10.1899/08-098.1
Peck DV, Herlihy AT, Hill BH et al (2006) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program-Surface Water Western Pilot Study: Field Operations Manual for Wadeable Streams EPA/620/R-06/003. Office of Water and Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC
Pereira VDS, Azevêdo DJ, Azevêdo EDL, Molozzi J (2020) Variation of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) trophic guilds and their relation with trophic state in reservoirs in the semiarid. Ciência e Nat. https://doi.org/10.5902/2179460x43365
Poff NL (1997) Landscape filters and species traits: towards mechanistic understanding and prediction in stream ecology. J North Am Benthol Soc 16:391–409. https://doi.org/10.2307/1468026
Poff NL, Olden JD, Vieira NKM et al (2006) Functional trait niches of North American lotic insects: traits-based ecological applications in light of phylogenetic relationships. J North Am Benthol Soc 25:730–755
Puntí T, Rieradevall M, Prat N (2009) Environmental factors, spatial variation, and specific requirements of chironomidae in mediterranean reference streams. J North Am Benthol Soc 28:247–265. https://doi.org/10.1899/07-172.1
R Core Development Team (2016) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
Reid AJ, Carlson AK, Creed IF et al (2018) Emerging threats and persistent conservation challenges for freshwater biodiversity. Biol Rev 94:849–873. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12480
Robson BJ, Barmuta LA, Fairweather PG (2005) Methodological and conceptual issues in the search for a relationship between animal body-size distributions and benthic habitat architecture. Mar Freshw Res 56:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF04210
Roque FO, Siqueira T, Bini LM et al (2010) Untangling associations between chironomid taxa in Neotropical streams using local and landscape filters. Freshw Biol 55:847–865. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02314.x
Rosenberg DM (1992) Freshwater biomonitoring and Chironomidae. Netherlands J Aquat Ecol 26:101–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02255231
Ruaro R, Gubiani ÉA, Hughes RM, Mormul RP (2020) Global trends and challenges in multimetric indices of biological condition. Ecol Indic. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105862
Saito VS, Fonseca-Gessner AA (2014) Composição taxonômica e hábitos alimentares de chironomidae em riachos de cerrado (Sudeste do Brasil): impactos de mudanças no uso-do-solo. Acta Limnol Bras 26:35–46. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X2014000100006
Sánchez-Bayo F, Wyckhuys KAG (2019) Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: a review of its drivers. Biol Conserv 232:8–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020
Santos JP, Martins I, Callisto M, Macedo DR (2017) Relações entre qualidade da água e uso e cobertura do solo em múltiplas escalas espaciais na bacia do Rio Pandeiros, Minas Gerais. Rev Espinhaço 6:36–46
Saulino HHL, Trivinho-Strixino S (2018a) Body length determines the diet and niche specialization of non-biting midge predator (Tanypodinae) larvae in shallow reservoirs. Neotrop Entomol 48:136–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-018-0620-9
Saulino HHL, Trivinho-Strixino S (2018b) Native macrophyte leaves influence more specialisation of neotropical shredder chironomids than invasive macrophyte leaves. Hydrobiologia 813:189–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3525-z
Saulino HH, Leite-Rossi LA, Trivinho-Strixino S (2017) The effect of small reservoirs on chironomid diversity and trait composition in Savanna streams: evidence for Serial Discontinuity Concept. Hydrobiologia 793:109–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-016-3013-2
Saulino HHL, Vieira GC, Trivinho-Strixino S (2020) Aquatic insect herbivore functional community traits respond to a different niche between a riparian and sugar cane leaf litter processing. Neotrop Entomol 49:33–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-019-00726-0
Sensolo D, Hepp LU, Decian V, Restello RM (2012) Influence of landscape on assemblages of Chironomidae in Neotropical streams. Ann Limnol 48:391–400. https://doi.org/10.1051/limn/2012031
Serra SRQ, Cobo F, Graça MAS et al (2016) Synthesising the trait information of European Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera): Towards a new database. Ecol Indic 61:282–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.09.028
Serra S, Graça MAS, Dolédec S, Feio MJ (2017) Chironomidae traits and life history strategies as indicators of anthropogenic disturbance. Environ Monit Assess 189:326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6027-y
Sih A, Bolnick DI, Luttbeg B et al (2010) Predator-prey naïveté, antipredator behavior, and the ecology of predator invasions. Oikos 119:610–621. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.18039.x
Silva DRO, Herlihy AT, Hughes RM et al (2018a) Assessing the extent and relative risk of aquatic stressors on stream macroinvertebrate assemblages in the neotropical savanna. Sci Total Environ 633:179–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.127
Silva FL, Pinho LC, Wiedenbrug S, et al (2018b) Family Chironomidae. In: Hamada N, Thorp JH, Rogers DC (eds) Thorp and Covich’s Freshwater Invertebrates, Fourth Edi. Academic Press, San Diego
Specziár A, Árva D, Tóth M et al (2018) Environmental and spatial drivers of beta diversity components of chironomid metacommunities in contrasting freshwater systems. Hydrobiologia 819:123–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3632-x
Statzner B, Bêche LA (2010) Can biological invertebrate traits resolve effects of multiple stressors on running water ecosystems? Freshw Biol 55:80–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02369.x
Stoddard JL, Larsen DP, Hawkins CP et al (2006) Setting expectations for the ecological condition of streams: the concept of reference condition. Ecol Appl 16:1267–1276
Stoddard JL, Herlihy AT, Peck DV et al (2008) A process for creating multimetric indices for large-scale aquatic surveys. J North Am Benthol Soc 27:878–891. https://doi.org/10.1899/08-053.1
Strahler AN (1957) Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology. Trans Am Geophys Union 38:913–920
Strassburg BBN, Brooks T, Feltran-Barbieri R et al (2017) Moment of truth for the Cerrado hotspot. Nat Ecol Evol 1:0099. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0099
Strayer DL, Dudgeon D (2010) Freshwater biodiversity conservation: recent progress and future challenges. J North Am Benthol Soc 29:344–358. https://doi.org/10.1899/08-171.1
Tomanova S, Goitia E, Helešic J (2006) Trophic levels and functional feeding groups of macroinvertebrates in neotropical streams. Hydrobiologia 556:251–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-1255-5
Trivinho-Strixino S (2011) Larvas de Chironomidae: guia de identificação. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos
Trivinho-Strixino S (2014) Ordem Diptera, Família Chironomidae guia de identificação de larvas. In: Hamada N, Nessimian JL, Querino RB (eds) Insetos aquáticos na Amazônia brasileira. INPA, Manaus, pp 457–660
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (2012) Freshwater biological traits database. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC
USEPA (2020) National Rivers and Streams Assessment 2013–2014: a collaborative survey, EPA 841-R-19–001. Washington, DC
Valente-Neto F, Koroiva R, Fonseca-Gessner AA, de Roque F (2015) The effect of riparian deforestation on macroinvertebrates associated with submerged woody debris. Aquat Ecol 49:115–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-015-9510-y
Van Sickle J, Stoddard JL, Paulsen SG, Olsen AR (2006) Using relative risk to compare the effects of aquatic stressors at a regional scale. Environ Manage 38:1020–1030. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-005-0240-0
Villéger S, Mason NWH, Mouillot D (2008) New multidimensional functional diversity indices for a multifaceted framework in functional ecology. Ecology 89:2290–2301. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1206.1
Violle C, Navas M-L, Vile D et al (2007) Let the concept of trait be functional! Oikos 116:882–892. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.15559.x
Wood PJ, Armitage PD (1997) Biological effects of fine sediment in the lotic environment. Environ Manage 21:203–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679900019
Wood KA, O’Hare MT, McDonald C et al (2017) Herbivore regulation of plant abundance in aquatic ecosystems. Biol Rev 92:1128–1141. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12272
Acknowledgements
We are grateful for financial support from P&D Aneel-Cemig GT-599 and GT-611, the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) through the APQ-01961-15 project and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)—Finance Code 001. IM was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) through Ph.D. scholarship 165499/2017-6. DMPC received a postdoctoral scholarship from P&D Aneel-Cemig GT-611. MC was awarded CNPq research productivity grant 304060/2020-8 and FAPEMIG research grant PPM 00104-18. DRM was awarded CNPq research productivity grant 309763/2020-7. RMH was supported by CNPq (450711/2016-1) and a Fulbright Brasil grant. Carlos B. M. Alves provided logistical support. Colleagues from the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) and Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) helped with field sampling. Several colleagues from the Laboratório de Ecologia de Bentos ICB/UFMG helped with sample processing. This project was authorized by the Instituto Estadual de Florestas (IEF—057/2016) and Sistema de Autorização e Informação em Biodiversidade (SISBIO—10365-2).
Funding
This research was financially supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) through the APQ-01961–15 project, funded by CEMIG/ANEEL.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
I.M., D.M.P.C, D.R.M., R.M.H. and M.C. elaborated the research design and wrote the paper. I.M. collected and processed the data. I.M. and D.M.P.C conducted the statistical analyses.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Handling Editor: Télesphore Sime-Ngando
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Martins, I., Castro, D.M.P., Macedo, D.R. et al. Anthropogenic impacts influence the functional traits of Chironomidae (Diptera) assemblages in a neotropical savanna river basin. Aquat Ecol 55, 1081–1095 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-021-09884-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-021-09884-z