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Hellenistic agricultural economies at Ashkelon, Southern Levant

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Abstract

Agricultural economies of the Hellenistic era (323–30 bce) are poorly understood from primary plant and animal remains despite the extent of sites and rich historical records dating to this period. Here we present archaeobotanical remains from Hellenistic Ashkelon, an urban centre on the Mediterranean coast of the southern Levant, in comparison with a survey of the extant literature on Hellenistic archaeobotany across the eastern Mediterranean. Agricultural systems at Ashkelon focused on the cultivation of cereals, pulses, grapes, and figs, as did those of many other Hellenistic sites. We identify Triticum dicoccum (emmer) as a core component of agriculture at Ashkelon, a new finding for the period. Re-examination of other published Hellenistic assemblages from the southern Levant additionally suggests that T. dicoccum cultivation has been underappreciated to date and may have been regionally widespread, a legacy of Ptolemaic Egyptian control of the region in the early Hellenistic. A spatial and diachronic analysis of archaeobotanical remains in conjunction with the archaeological evidence at Ashkelon indicates a shift in practices of domestic food preparation towards increasing commercialization of food preparation. Further detailed archaeobotanical study of other Hellenistic cities is needed to establish whether this trend extends beyond Ashkelon during the period.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Ashkelon project directors Daniel Master and Lawrence Stager, who invited us to join the Ashkelon team and facilitated access to samples reported here, and the Leon Levy Trust, which sponsored fieldwork at Ashkelon. The Israel Antiquities Authority provided permission for excavations at Ashkelon and export of botanical remains for study in Boston. Marston thanks Emily S. Johnson and Kathleen M. Forste for assistance in sorting the archaeobotanical samples reported here. Three anonymous reviewers were especially helpful in improving our presentation of these data within their regional context.

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  1. Department of Anthropology, Boston University, 232 Bay State Road, Boston, MA, 02215, USA

    John M. Marston

  2. Archaeology Program, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA

    John M. Marston

  3. Archaeology Program, Wesleyan University, 212 Downey House, 294 High Street, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA

    Kathleen J. Birney

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Marston, J.M., Birney, K.J. Hellenistic agricultural economies at Ashkelon, Southern Levant. Veget Hist Archaeobot 31, 221–245 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-021-00850-1

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