Abstract
Permeability is a fundamental index that is closely related to rock damage in geotechnical engineering. In this study, dynamic triaxial compression tests were performed using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) for a range of incident energies, confining pressures, and number of impacts to study the mechanical behavior and permeability evolution of sandstone after dynamic loading under realistic in-situ stress. The damage factor of rock before and after the impact was measured and calculated using a rock wave velocity measurement device, and the rock permeability was tested following the pulse-decay method with a MTS-815 testing system. The results show that the peak stress, strain, plasticity, damage, and permeability of sandstone all increase with increasing incident energy. Only the peak stress increases with increasing confining pressure, whereas the other physico-mechanical parameters decrease. The opposite result is obtained in response to an increased number of impacts. The dynamic stress–strain curves are categorized into classes I and II based on the post-peak behavior and fracture pattern. The quantitative relationships between energy, damage, and permeability are discussed. The absorbed energy per unit volume follows a negative exponential relationship with the damage factor and a positive linear relationship with the permeability enhancement index. The damage factor follows a positive exponential relationship with the permeability enhancement index. The permeability enhancement is mainly due to increased connectivity of the pores and channels in the rock caused by crack propagation and coalescence, and the rock damage and fracture are controlled by the absorbed energy.
Article Highlights
-
The mechanical behavior and permeability evolution of sandstone are determined from triaxial SHPB and triaxial permeability tests.
-
The effects of incident energy, confining pressure, and impact number on the dynamic physico-mechanical properties are analyzed.
-
The functional relationships between rock damage, permeability, and energy are obtained.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arson C, Pereira J (2013) Influence of damage on pore size distribution and permeability of rocks. Int J Numer Anal Met 37:810–831
Blanton TL (1981) Effect of strain rates from10-2 to 10 sec-1 in triaxial compression tests on three rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 18(1):47–62
Brace WF, Walsh JB, Frangos WT (1968) Permeability of granite under high pressure. J Geophys Res 73:2225–2236
Brown ET, Hoek E (1978) Trends in relationships between measured in-situ stresses and depth. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 15:211–215
Cai X, Zhou ZL, Zang HZ, Song ZY (2020) Water saturation effects on dynamic behavior and microstructure damage of sandstone: phenomena and mechanisms. Eng Geol 276:105760
Chen W, Maurel O, Reess T, Matallah M, Ferron AD, Borderie CL, Pijaudier-Cabot G (2011) Modelling anisotropic damage and permeability of mortar under dynamic loads. Eur J Environ Civ En 15:727–742
Chen YF, Hu SH, Wei K, Hu R, Zhou CB, Jing LR (2014) Experimental characterization and micromechanical modeling of damage-induced permeability variation in Beishan granite. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 71:64–76
Christensen RJ, Swanson SR, Brown WS (1972) Split-Hopkinson-bar tests on rock under confining pressure. Exp Mech 12(11):508–513
Dai F, Huang S, Xia KW, Tan ZY (2010) Some fundamental issues in dynamic compression and tension tests of rocks using split Hopkinson pressure bar. Rock Mech Rock Eng 43:657–666
David C, Wong TF, Zhu WL, Zhang JX (1994) Laboratory measurement of compaction-induced permeability change in porous rocks: implications for the generation and maintenance of pore pressure excess in the crust. Pure Appl Geophys 143:425–456
Feng RM, Chen SN, Bryant S, Liu J (2019) Stress-dependent permeability measurement techniques for unconventional gas reservoirs: review, evaluation, and application. Fuel 256:115987
Gangi AF (1978) Variation of whole and fractured porous rock permeability with confining pressure. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 15:249–257
Gong FQ, Li XB, Liu XL (2011) Preliminary experimental study of characteristics of rock subjected to 3D coupled static and dynamic loads. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 30(6):1179–1190
Gong FQ, Si XF, Li XB, Wang SY (2019) Dynamic triaxial compression tests on sandstone at high strain rates and low confining pressures with split Hopkinson pressure bar. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 113:211–219
Han B, Xie SY, Shao JF (2016) Experimental investigation on mechanical behavior and permeability evolution of a porous limestone under compression. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49:3425–3435
Han ZY, Li DY, Zhou T, Zhu QQ, Ranjith PG (2020) Experimental study of stress wave propagation and energy characteristics across rock specimens containing cemented mortar joint with various thicknesses. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 131:104352
Horii H, Nemat-Nasser S (1985) Compression-induced microcrack growth in brittle solids: axial splitting and shear failure. J Geophys Res 90:3105–3125
Jiang T, Shao JF, Xu WY, Zhou CB (2010) Experimental investigation and micromechanical analysis of damage and permeability variation in brittle rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47:703–713
Li XB (2014) Rock dynamics: fundamentals and applications. Science Press, Beijing
Li DY, Li XB, Zhang W, Gong FQ, Huang BR (2007) Stability analysis of surrounding rock of multi-arch tunnel based on coupled fluid-solid theorem. Chinese J Rock Mech Eng 26(5):1056–1064
Li HB, Zhao J, Li TJ (1999) Triaxial compression tests on a granite at different strain rates and confining pressures. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 36(8):1057–1063
Li XF, Li HB, Zhang QB, Jiang JL, Zhao J (2018) Dynamic fragmentation of rock material: characteristic size, fragment distribution and pulverization law. Eng Fract Mech 199:739–759
Li XB, Zhou ZL, Lok TS, Hong L, Yin TB (2008) Innovative testing technique of rock subjected to coupled static and dynamic loads. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 45:739–748
Li DY, Zhu QQ, Zhou ZL, Li XB, Ranjith PG (2017) Fracture analysis of marble specimens with a hole under uniaxial compression by digital image correlation. Eng Fract Mech 183:109–124
Liu L, Xu WY, Wang HL, Wang W, Wang RB (2016) Permeability evolution of granite gneiss during triaxial creep tests. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49:3455–3462
Lu XC, Xu JY, Ge HH, Zhao DH, Bai EL (2010) Effects of confining pressure on mechanical behaviors of sandstone under dynamic impact loads. Chinese J Rock Mech Eng 29(1):193–201
Lundberg B (1976) A split Hopkinson bar study of energy absorption in dynamic rock fragmentation. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 13:187–197
Lyu Q, Long X, Ranjith PG, Tan J, Kang Y (2018a) Experimental investigation on the mechanical behaviours of a low-clay shale under water-based fluids. Eng Geol 233:124–138
Lyu Q, Long XP, Ranjith PG, Tan JQ, Zhou JP, Wang ZH, Luo WB (2018b) A laboratory study of geomechanical characteristics of black shales after sub-critical/super-critical CO2?+brine saturation. Geomech Geophys Geoenerg Georesour 4:141–156
Meng LB, Li TB, Xu J, Chen GQ, Ma HM, Yin HY (2012) Deformation and failure mechanism of phyllite under the effects of THM coupling and unloading. J Mt Sci 9:788–797
Pardoen B, Talandier J, Collin F (2016) Permeability evolution and water transfer in the excavation damaged zone of a ventilated gallery. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 85:192–208
Paterson MS, Wong TF (2005) Experimental rock deformation-the brittle field. Springer, Berlin
Perol T, Bhat HS (2016) Micromechanics-based permeability evolution in brittle materials at high strain rates. Pure Appl Geophys 173:2857–2868
Shao JF, Zhou H, Chau KT (2010) Coupling between anisotropic damage and permeability variation in brittle rocks. Int J Numer Anal Met 29:1231–1247
Shi YL, Wang CY (1988) Generation of high pore pressures in accretionary prisms: inferences from the Barbados Subduction Complex. J Geophys Res-Sol Ea 93:8893–8910
Tsang CF, Bernier F, Davies C (2005) Geohydromechanical processes in the Excavation Damaged Zone in crystalline rock, rock salt, and indurated and plastic clays-in the context of radioactive waste disposal. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 42:109–125
Vu MN, Nguyen ST, To QD, Dao NH (2017) Theoretical predicting of permeability evolution in damaged rock under compressive stress. Geophys J Int 209:1352–1361
Wang HL, Chu WJ, He M (2012) Anisotropic permeability evolution model of rock in the process of deformation and failure. J Hydrodyn 24:25–31
Wang QZ, Su XB, Wu BB, Wang W, Yuan W (2018) A coupled damage-permeability constitutive model for brittle rocks subjected to explosive loading. Adv Civ Eng 2018:6816974
Wang M, Wan W, Zhao Y (2019) Experimental study on seepage of the Maokou limestone with fracture surfaces. Geotech Geol Eng 37:4515–4526
Wong LNY, Li DY, Liu G (2013) Experimental studies on permeability of intact and singly jointed meta-sedimentary rocks under confining pressure. Rock Mech Rock Eng 46:107–121
Xiao JQ, Ding DX, Jiang FL, Xu G (2010) Fatigue damage variable and evolution of rock subjected to cyclic loading. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47:461–468
Xu JH, Kang Y, Hu Y, Liu F, Wang Z, Wang XC (2021) Effects of hydrothermal treatment on dynamic properties of granite containing single fissure subject to impact loading. Geomech Geophys Geoenerg Georesour 7:32
Yan L, Yi WH, Liu LS, Liu JC, Zhang SH (2018) Blasting-induced permeability enhancement of ore deposits associated with low-permeability weakly weathered granites based on the split Hopkinson pressure bar. Geofluids 2018:4267878
Yan ZL, Dai F, Liu Y, Du HB (2020) Experimental investigations of the dynamic mechanical properties and fracturing behavior of cracked rocks under dynamic loading. Bull Eng Geol Environ 79:5535–5552
Yang SQ, Hu B (2018) Creep and long-term permeability of a red sandstone subjected to cyclic loading after thermal treatments. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51:2981–3004
Yang FJ, Hu DW, Zhou H, Lu JJ, Zhang F (2018) Physical and mechanical properties of granite after dynamic disturbance. Chinese J Rock Mech Eng 37(6):1459–1467
Yang SQ, Tian WL, Elsworth D, Wang JG, Fan LF (2020) An experimental study of effect of high temperature on the permeability evolution and failure response of granite under triaxial compression. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53:4403–4427
Ye ZY, Li XB, Zhou ZL, Yin TB, Liu XL (2009) Static-dynamic coupling strength and deformation characteristics of rock under triaxial compression. Rock Soil Mech 30(7):1981–1986
Yu YL (1992) Study on dynamic characteristics of rock by triaxial SHPB device. Chinese J Geotech Eng 14(3):76–79
Yuan W, Wang W, Su XB, Li JX, Li ZH, Wen L, Chang JF (2018) Numerical study of the impact mechanism of decoupling charge on blasting-enhanced permeability in low-permeability sandstones. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 106:300–310
Zhang QB, Zhao J (2014) A review of dynamic experimental techniques and mechanical behaviour of rock materials. Rock Mech Rock Eng 47:1411–1478
Zhang C, Bai QS, Chen YH (2020) Using stress path-dependent permeability law to evaluate permeability enhancement and coalbed methane flow in protected coal seam: a case study. Geomech Geophys Geoenerg Georesour 6:53
Zhou YX, Xia K, Li XB, Li HB, Ma GW, Zhao J, Zhou ZL, Dai F (2012) Suggested methods for determining the dynamic strength parameters and mode-I fracture toughness of rock materials. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 49:105–112
Zhou ZL, Cai X, Li XB, Cao WZ, Du XM (2020) Dynamic response and energy evolution of sandstone under coupled static-dynamic compression: insights from experimental study into deep rock engineering applications. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53:1305–1331
Zhu QQ, Li DY, Han ZY, Li XB, Zhou ZL (2019) Mechanical properties and fracture evolution of sandstone specimens containing different inclusions under uniaxial compression. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 115:33–47
Zhu QQ, Ma CD, Li XB, Li DY (2021a) Effect of filling on failure characteristics of diorite with double rectangular holes under coupled static-dynamic loads. Rock Mech Rock Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02409-y
Zhu QQ, Li DY, Han ZY, Xiao P, Li B (2021b) Failure characteristics of brittle rock containing two rectangular holes under uniaxial compression and coupled static-dynamic loads. Acta Geotech. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01196-8
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52074349) and the Distinguished Youth Science Foundations of Hunan Province of China (No. 2019JJ20028).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhu, Q., Li, D. & Wang, W. Mechanical behavior and permeability evolution of sandstone with confining pressure after dynamic loading. Geomech. Geophys. Geo-energ. Geo-resour. 7, 81 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-021-00283-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-021-00283-0