Abstract
In temperate regions, tree leaves could be a source of energy, protein, vitamins and minerals for ruminants. Our objective was to study the diversity in chemical composition and digestibility of leaves on a panel of native woody species or potentially adapted to temperate regions. The leaves of 28 trees, 14 shrubs and 8 liana species were collected during summer across locations in France. Shoots of 8 herbaceous species were also collected for comparison. Fodder samples were analysed for in vitro digestibility (IVDMD), dry matter content and concentrations in crude protein (CP), neutral and acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, ash, condensed tannins (CT), and macro and micro minerals. All these variables, expressed on DM basis, varied widely according to species (P < 0.001) and life form (P < 0.001). Overall DM content (mean = 375 g kg−1 fresh matter), IVDMD (66%), concentrations in CP (145 g kg−1) and Ca (18 g kg−1) of woody species leaves were similar to the range seen in traditional herbaceous forage. Leaves CP concentration of 44% of the woody species was higher than 140 g kg−1 and 34% of woody species showed leaves IVDMD greater than 70%. Leaves CT concentration varied from 0.1 to 190 g kg−1 according to species. Average CT concentration of lianas (52 g kg−1) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than trees (28 g kg−1) and shrubs (25 g kg−1). Three clusters of species were identified by the hierarchical clustering on principal components. The species belonging to the same phylogenetic family were often gathered in the same cluster and there was no evidence of an effect of the life form on the classification of species. Species such as Morus alba, Sambucus nigra, Ficus carica, Prunus spinosa or Passiflora edulis showed high values in CP, Ash, Ca, K, Mg, IVDMD and P concentrations and could be used as dietary supplements. This study is one of the first to report in details chemical composition and IVDMD of large number of trees, shrubs and liana species.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the technical team, particularly Fabien Bourgoin and Romain Perceau for collection and preparation of leaf samples; Vincent Furstoss for statistical assistance; Charlène Barotin, Gaëlle Rochas, Véronique Menanteau, Nathalie Moynet, Maryline Vandier and Angelique Torrent for biochemical analyses. We acknowledge the supports of the European Union through the AGFORWARD FP7 research project (contract 613520), of ADEME in the frame of the PARASOL project (contract 1560C0025), of French Ministry of Agriculture and Food in the frame of the Casdar Arbele (contract 5404), and of Liséa Biodiversité Foundation in the frame of the Ruminarbre project. Stéphanie Mahieu fellowship was funded by the Fondation de France.
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Mahieu, S., Novak, S., Barre, P. et al. Diversity in the chemical composition and digestibility of leaves from fifty woody species in temperate areas. Agroforest Syst 95, 1295–1308 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00662-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00662-2