Abstract
This study aimed to better understand the impact of different bauxite residues (BR) on the germination and the development of Sinapis alba (white mustard). Unamended BR from Provence, France (PRO), and Guinea (GUI) bauxite were selected, and modified bauxite residues from PRO and GUI (MBR-PRO and MBR-GUI) were obtained by gypsum application and repeated leaching, in order to reduce their pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Germination rates were monitored in soil-BR mixtures with increasing concentrations of BR. A rhizotron experiment was done, where Sinapis alba was allowed to develop in a layer of soil on the top of a layer of bauxite residue. To assess the impact of the residue on root development, the WhinRhizo® software was used to measure the architectural traits of roots. Peroxidase and fluorescein hydrolase activities were also assessed on the roots grown either in the soil or in the residue layers. Results showed that (i) bauxite residue origin, (ii) bauxite residue modification by gypsum, and (iii) bauxite residue concentration had significant effects on the germination, the root development and architecture, and the enzymatic activities of the roots of Sinapis alba. The PRO residue had a far stronger phytotoxic effect compared to the GUI residue on every measured variable. The toxic effect was strongly modulated by the origin of bauxite residue. The gypsum application efficiently reduced the phytotoxic effect of the residues, but significant negative effects on the different variables were still recorded.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge the help of Mr. Michael Paul in improving the English of this manuscript and Mr. Virgile Calvert for his technical assistance in the laboratory and in the field.
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This work was co-funded by the Labex DRIIHM, French programme Investissements d’Avenir (ANR-11-LABX-0010), managed by the ANR, Observatoire Homme-Milieux Bassin Minier de Provence (OHM BMP) and by the Initiative Structurante Ecosphère Continentale et Côtière (EC2CO CNRS).
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CF conceived and carried out the experiment and drafted the manuscript. ML participated in the conception and the design of the study and helped in the funding research. CK helped in the methodology and analysis of the results. PH gave logistical help (for the substrates used) and in the conception of the study. JF participated in data analyses and methodology. J-PA and BA carried out the elemental analyses. SC conceived the study and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Fourrier, C., Luglia, M., Keller, C. et al. How Raw and Gypsum Modified Bauxite Residues Affect Seed Germination, Enzyme Activities, and Root Development of Sinapis alba. Water Air Soil Pollut 232, 309 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05232-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05232-x