Abstract
Different drag laws and turbulence models were compared to evaluate gas distribution and fluid flow velocities in a Rheinstahl–Heraeus (RH) reactor. The discrete phase model was adopted to track injected gas bubbles, and the volume of fluid model was applied to describe a more actual free surface. The prediction accuracy of the numerical model was evaluated by the measured flow velocity in an air-water model and the measured circulation flow rate of molten steel in a real RH system. Results indicate that Morsi’s drag law predicts more accurate local velocity compared with Schiller’s and Harmathy’s laws. The influence of turbulent dispersion on the injected gas bubbles is non-negligible for predicting the gas–liquid flow in a RH reactor. In addition, although the large eddy simulation (LES) approach predicts more actual free surface fluctuation, the realizable k-ε model shows better agreement with the measured local velocity in the furnace.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M.A. van Ende, Y.M. Kim, M.K. Cho, J. Choi, and I.H. Jung, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 42, 477. (2011).
C. Liu, H.J. Duan, and L.F. Zhang, Metals 9, 1. (2019).
Q. Cao, and L. Nastac, JOM 70, 2071. (2018).
H. Ling, L. Zhang, and C. Liu, Ironmak. Steelmak. 45, 145. (2018).
F. Jiang, and G.G. Cheng, Ironmak. Steelmak. 39, 386. (2012).
D.Q. Geng, J.X. Zheng, K. Wang, P. Wang, R.Q. Liang, H.T. Liu, H. Lei, and J.C. He, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 46, 1484. (2015).
J.H. Wei, and H.T. Hu, Ironmak. Steelmak. 32, 427. (2005).
B.H. Zhu, Q.C. Liu, M. Kong, J. Yang, D.H. Li, and K. Chattopadhyay, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 48B, 2620. (2017).
L. Schiller, and Z. Naumann, VDI Zeitung 77, 318. (1935).
S.A. Morsi, and A.J. Alexander, J. Fluid Mech. 55, 193. (1972).
T.Z. Harmathy, Aiche. J. 6, 281. (1960).
H. Ling, F. Li, L. Zhang, and A.N. Conejo, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 47B, 1950. (2016).
G. Chen, S. He, Y. Li, Y. Guo, and Q. Wang, JOM 68, 2138. (2016).
R. Chaudhary, C. Ji, B.G. Thomas, and S.P. Vanka, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 42, 987. (2011).
S.L. Yeoh, G. Papadakis, and M. Yianneskis, Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 82, 834. (2004).
L. Li, Z. Liu, M. Cao, and B. Li, JOM 67, 1459. (2015).
B.G. Thomas, Q. Yuan, S. Sivaramakrishnan, T. Shi, S.P. Vanka, and M.B. Assar, ISIJ Int. 41, 1262. (2001).
Q. Yuan, B. Zhao, P. Vanka, and B.G. Thomas, Steel Res. Int. 76, 33. (2005).
L. Li, B. Li, and Z. Liu, ISIJ Int. 57, 1980. (2017).
Q. Cao, and L. Nastac, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 49, 1388. (2018).
L. Zhang, J. Aoki, and B.G. Thomas, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 37, 361. (2006).
M. Sano, and K. Mori, Trans. ISIJ 20, 675. (1980).
Y. Xu, M. Ersson, and P.G. Jönsson, ISIJ Int. 56, 1982. (2016).
A.D. Gosman, and E. Ioannides, J. Energy 7, 482. (1983).
Q. Cao and L. Nastac, in 2019 STEELSIM Conf. Proc., (Toronto, Canada, 2019), http://digital.library.aist.org/pages/PR-503-045.htm
Y.G. Park, W.C. Doo, K.W. Yi, and S.B. An, ISIJ Int. 40, 749. (2000).
Y.G. Park, K.W. Yi, and S.B. Ahn, ISIJ Int. 41, 403. (2001).
G. Chen, S. He, and Y. Li, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 48B, 2176. (2017).
ANSYS Fluent, 17.1, User’s Guide (ANSYS, Inc., Canonsburg, 2017).
Acknowledgements
This study was sponsored by the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (2008085QE235, 2008085QE224), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (JZ2020HGTA0074, JZ2020HGTA0047), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2019M662140).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cao, Q., Chu, D., Zhang, J. et al. Effect of Drag Laws and Turbulence Models on CFD Modeling of the Bubble Behavior and Fluid Flow in RH Reactor. JOM 73, 2660–2671 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-021-04790-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-021-04790-z