Fabrication of pebble stone-like PbMoO4 nanostructure: Focus on photocatalysis, photoluminescence and electron density distribution analysis
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Ecotoxicity is the main issue for people's day to day life; In particular, water is one of the common issues threatening human existence [1]. Every annum raised the pollution level due to industrialization which is affecting the surrounding. The discharged waste from industrial effluents is into the surrounding with improper treatment, it is highly poisonous for aquatic organisms and the environment [2,3]. Furthermore, the higher usage of antibiotics poses a major menace to the aquatic system [[4], [5], [6]]. In particular, fluoroquinolone is the most crucial antibiotic for the treatment of Gram (+ve) and Gram (-ve) bacteria affects [7]. In a fluoroquinolone family, the ciprofloxacin (CIP) is mainly used in medicine for bacterial infections and lungs illness in both humans and animals [[8], [9], [10], [11]]. The proper environmental rescue method like wastewater treatment is a very intricate process due to very expensive. To overcome this problem, the researchers can improve the advanced oxidation process (AOPs), to develop the treatment of the waste effluents. In the process of AOPs, the photocatalytic method is very useful for the rescue of the environment. This photocatalysis method has been more effective and inexpensive; also it is an eco-friendly method for the mineralization of hazardous materials [[12], [13], [14]]. Recently, many semiconductor materials are used to decompose the poisonous pollutants in the degradation method [[15], [16], [17], [18], [19]]. These highly efficient processes are eco-friendly into the surrounding.
A collection of higher efficacy and innovative catalyst products has been improved and recently it is gained more importance. Semiconductor materials are used to mineralize harmful organic pollutants into harmless moieties and are a technology that benefits the environment [2,20,21]. The semiconductors like TiO2 [[22], [23], [24]], PbMoO4 [[25], [26], [27]] and ZnO [[28], [29], [30]] have been studied extensively by many researchers.
In this present work, the PbMoO4 nanomaterial was synthesized by hydrothermal route. The PbMoO4 is a very important material for the molybdate family in addition to scheelite structure; it is raised the interest as a photocatalyst for the decomposition of organic pollutants [31]. By the large bandgap (eV) value of lead molybdate (Eg = 3.26 eV), it was reacted as a catalyst for the degradation process under UV light illumination. In recent, the lead molybdate was prepared under different processes, such as solvothermal, hydrothermal, microwave irradiation, and chemical precipitation, sonochemical techniques [[32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37]]. However, the PbMoO4 photocatalyst compiled by solid-state method, solvothermal and co-precipitation methods, etc., [[38], [32], [37]].
Among the decomposition technique, the PbMoO4 nanomaterial is a highly effective catalyst for the degradation of CIP by UV irradiation. In these report, the CIP is decomposed under PbMoO4 material from water to reduce surrounding endangers. Using this semiconductor photocatalytic method, the hazardous pollutant is mineralized fully in harmful hazardous into CO2, H2O and some mineral acids. The CIP structure is portrayed in Fig. 1.
Section snippets
Requisite of materials
Lead nitrate, Ammonium molybdate, Sodium hydroxide, Urea, Ethylene glycol, Ethanol, Ciprofloxacin (Merck, India) is the essential materials. The reaction involved solutions are prepared by DD water with pure.
Formation of PbMoO4
About 2 mmol lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2·4H2O) and 3 mmol ammonium molybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O) were dissolved in water and stirred for 30 min separately. After that, the ammonium molybdate solution was added to a lead nitrate suspension solution. Simultaneously, urea and ethylene glycol were
Crystalline nature analysis
The crystal properties and the purity of the as-prepared PbMoO4 nanomaterial was interrogated by P-XRD analysis and the results are portrayed in Fig. 2. All peaks have the lattice parameters a = b = 5.38 and c = 12.075 Å for a perfect tetragonal structure. The calculated lattice parameter values are in good agreement with the standards given in JCPDS File No: 44-1486 [39], for the evidence of synthesizing of PbMoO4 nanomaterial. By the debye-Scherer's equation, the size of the crystalloid
Conclusion
In this work, we performed PbMoO4 nanomaterial by a simple hydrothermal method. In Fig. 7, the SEM image predicts the morphology structure of the PbMoO4 nanomaterial. The band energy value for as prepared PbMoO4 is 3.26 eV. The photocatalytic degradation efficacy of the PbMoO4 nanomaterial is 92.82% within 100 min and it is a promising material and has highly effective than other previous reports. In the ROS process, holes (h+) and (O2-) plays a main species in the (CIP) decomposition process.
Credit author contribution statement
M. RajKumar: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing - original draft, Data curation. M. Arunpandian: Methodology, Investigation, Supervision, Formal analysis. K. Leeladevi: Resources, Validation. P. RameshKumar: Supervision, Formal analysis. S. Arunachalam: Supervision, Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
The author, M. RajKumar acknowledges Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education for giving university fellowship for research work and the required facilities.
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