Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Conversion of citrus industrial processing solid residues to well-developed mesoporous powder-activated carbon and its some water pollutant removal performance

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The aim of the present study is to produce and characterize the activated carbon (AC) material from citrus industrial processing solid residues (CR) under optimized conditions depending on process variables such as chemical impregnation ratio (H3PO4/CR, w/w), carbonization/activation temperature, and time with the phosphoric acid activation and to examine its performance in removing some impurities from water. The optimal AC, which has the surface area of 1090 m2/g, the total pore volume of 1.569 cm3/g, mesopore contribution of 96.30%, and average pore diameter of 4.93 nm, was produced under these following conditions: 3:1 impregnation ratio (WH3PO4/WCR), 500℃ activation temperature, and 1 h activation time. It was characterized by various physicochemical techniques. Furthermore, the adsorptive behavior in water was tested by using Reactive blue 19 (RB19) dye, Diclofenac (DCF) drug, and Pb(II) ions selected as the model adsorbates. Its maximum removal capacity was determined as 370 mg/g for RB19, 181 mg/g for DCF, and 111 mg/g for Pb(II) at 30℃. This study showed that CR can be used as an effective feedstock in AC production to remove organic and inorganic pollutants from water.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kyzas GZ, Deliyanni EA, Matis KA (2016) Activated carbons produced by pyrolysis of waste potato peels: cobalt ions removal by adsorption. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 490:74–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.11.038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Sevilla M, Ferrero GA, Fuertes AB (2017) Beyond KOH activation for the synthesis of superactivated carbons from hydrochar. Carbon 114:50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.12.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Li S, Han K, Li J, Li M, Lu C (2017) Preparation and characterization of super activated carbon produced from gulfweed by KOH activation. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 243:291–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2017.02.052

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Haghbin MR, Shahrak MN (2021) Process conditions optimization for the fabrication of highly porous activated carbon from date palm bark wastes for removing pollutants from water. Powder Technol 377:890–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.09.051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Gundogdu A, Duran C, Senturk HB, Soylak M, Imamoglu M, Onal Y (2013) Physicochemical characteristics of a novel activated carbon produced from tea industry waste. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 104:249–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.07.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Mahmood T, Ali R, Naeem A, Hamayun A, Aslam M (2017) Potential of used Camellia sinensis leaves as precursor for activated carbon preparation by chemical activation with H3PO4; optimization using response surface methodology. Process Saf Environ Prot 109:548–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2017.04.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Shen Y, Fu Y (2018) KOH-activated rice husk char via CO2 pyrolysis for phenol adsorption. Mater Today Energy 9:397–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2018.07.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhang F, Zhang S, Chen L, Liu Z, Qin J (2021) Utilization of bark waste of Acacia mangium: the preparation of activated carbon and adsorption of phenolic wastewater. Ind Crops Prod 160:113157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.113157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Ao W, Fu J, Mao X, Kang Q, Ran C, Liu Y, Zhang H, Gao J, Liu G, Dai J (2018) Microwave assisted preparation of activated carbon from biomass: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 92:958–979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Zuo S, Yang J, Liu J, Cai X (2009) Significance of the carbonization of volatile pyrolytic products on the properties of activated carbons from phosphoric acid activation of lignocellulosic material. Fuel Process Technol 90:994–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.04.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Al Bahri M, Calvo L, Gilarranz MA, Rodríguez JJ (2012) Activated carbon from grape seeds upon chemical activation with phosphoric acid: application to the adsorption of diuron from water. Chem Eng J 203:348–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.07.053

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Boudrahem F, Aissani-Benissad F, Aït-Amar H (2009) Batch sorption dynamics and equilibrium for the removal of lead ions from aqueous phase using activated carbon developed from coffee residue activated with zinc chloride. J Environ Manage 90:3031–3039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.04.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Reffas A, Bernardet V, David B, Reinert L, Lehocine MB, Dubois M, Duclaux L (2010) Carbons prepared from coffee grounds by H3PO4 activation: characterization and adsorption of methylene blue and Nylosan Red N-2RBL. J Hazard Mater 175:779–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Yagmur E (2012) Preparation of low cost activated carbons from various biomasses with microwave energy. J Porous Mater 19:995–1002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-011-9557-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Momčilović M, Purenović M, Bojić A, Zarubica A, Ranđelović M (2011) Removal of lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto pine cone activated carbon. Desalination 276:53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.03.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhong Z-Y, Yang Q, Li XM, Luo K, Liu Y, Zeng G-M (2012) Preparation of peanut hull based activated carbon by microwave-induced phosphoric acid activation and its application in Remazol Brilliant Blue R adsorption. Ind Crops Prod 37:178–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.12.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Somasundaram S, Sekar K, Gupta VK, Ganesan S (2013) Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous activated carbon from rice husk for adsorption of glycine from alcohol-aqueous mixture. J Mol Liq 177:416–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2012.09.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Saucier C, Adebayo MA, Lima EC, Cataluña R, Thue PS, Prola LD, Dotto GL (2015) Microwave-assisted activated carbon from cocoa shell as adsorbent for removal of sodium diclofenac and nimesulide from aqueous effluents. J Hazard Mater 289:18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Sayğılı H, Güzel F, Önal Y (2015) Conversion of grape industrial processing waste to activated carbon sorbent and its performance in cationic and anionic dyes adsorption. J Clean Prod 93:84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Sayğılı H, Güzel F (2016) High surface area mesoporous activated carbon from tomato processing solid waste by zinc chloride activation: process optimization, characterization and dyes adsorption. J Clean Prod 113:995–1004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Kan Y, Yue Q, Li D, Wu Y, Gao B (2017) Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from waste tea by H3PO4 activation in different atmospheres for oxytetracycline removal. J Taiwan Ins Chem Eng 71:494–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.12.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Koyuncu F, Güzel F, Sayğılı H (2018) Role of optimization parameters in the production of nanoporous carbon from mandarin shells by microwave-assisted chemical activation and utilization as dye adsorbent. Adv Powder Technol 29:2108–2118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2018.05.019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Cherik D, Louhab K (2018) A kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic study of diclofenac adsorption using activated carbon prepared from olive stones. J Disper Sci Technol 39:814–825. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2017.1395346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Mahapatra K, Ramteke DS, Paliwal LJ (2012) Production of activated carbon from sludge of food processing industry under controlled pyrolysis and its application for methylene blue removal. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 95:79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.01.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2017) http://faostat.fao.org

  26. Dalvand A, Nabizadeh R, Ganjali MR, Khoobi M, Nazmara S, Mahvi AH (2016) Modeling of Reactive Blue 19 azo dye removal from colored textile wastewater using L-arginine-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles: optimization, reusability, kinetic and equilibrium studies. J Magn Magn Mater 404:179–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.12.040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Karimifard S, Moghaddam MRA (2016) Enhancing the adsorption performance of carbon nanotubes with a multistep functionalization method: optimization of Reactive Blue 19 removal through response surface methodology. Process Saf Environ Prot 99:20–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2015.10.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Maia GS, de Andrade JR, da Silva MGC, Vieira MGA (2019) Adsorption of diclofenac sodium onto commercial organoclay: kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic study. Powder Technol 345:140–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2018.12.097

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Manawi Y, McKay G, Ismail N, Fard AK, Kochkodan V, Atieh MA (2018) Enhancing lead removal from water by complex-assisted filtration with acacia gum. Chem Eng J 352:828–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.07.087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Tomasz K, Anna K, Ryszard C (2019) Effective adsorption of lead ions using fly ash obtained in the novel circulating fluidized bed combustion technology. Microchem J 145:1011–1025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2018.12.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Lee M-E, Park JH, Chung JW (2019) Comparison of the lead and copper adsorption capacities of plant source materials and their biochars. J Environ Manage 236:118–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Basu M, Guha AK, RayL (2017) Adsorption behavior of cadmium on husk of lentil. Process Saf Environ Prot 106:11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2016.11.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Laszlo K, Szucs A (2001) Surface characterization of polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) based activated carbon and the effect of pH on its adsorption capacity from aqueous phenol and 2, 3, 4-trichlorophenol solutions. Carbon 39:1945–1953. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(01)00005-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Smiciklas ID, Milonjic SK, Pfendt P, Raicevic S (2000) The point of zero charge and sorption of cadmium (II) and strontium (II) ions on synthetic hydroxyapatite. Sep Purif Technol 18:185–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5866(99)00066-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Mahdi Z, Yu QJ, El Hanandeh A (2018) Investigation of the kinetics and mechanisms of nickel and copper ions adsorption from aqueous solutions by date seed derived biochar. J Environ Chem Eng 6:1171–1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.01.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Kumar A, Wang L, Dzenis YA, Jones DD, Hanna MA (2008) Thermogravimetric characterization of corn stover as gasification and pyrolysis feedstock. Biomass Bioenergy 32:460–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.11.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Chen Y, Huang B, Huang M, Cai B (2011) On the preparation and characterization of activated carbon from mangosteen shell. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 42:837–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2011.01.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Ahmad A, Al-Swaidan HM, Alghamdi AH (2014) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from date fronds biomass by chemical activation. Asian J Chem 26:7833–7836. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.17969

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Liu Q-S, Zheng T, Wang P, Guo L (2010) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from bamboo by microwave-induced phosphoric acid activation. Ind Crops Prod 31:233–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.10.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Hsu LY, Teng H (2000) Influence of different chemical reagents on the preparation of activated carbons from bituminous coal. Fuel Process Technol 64:155–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820(00)00071-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Yang R, Liu G, Xu X, Li M, Zhang J, Hao X (2011) Surface texture, chemistry and adsorption properties of acid blue 9 of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) bast-based activated carbon fibers prepared by phosphoric acid activation. Biomass Bioenerg 35:437–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.08.061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Geethakarthi A, Phanikumar BR (2012) Characterization of tannery sludge activated carbon and its utilization in the removal of azo reactive dye. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:656–665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-011-0608-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Norouzi S, Heidari M, Alipour V, Rahmanian O, Fazlzadeh M, Mohammadi-moghadam F, Nourmoradi H, Goudarzi B, Dindarloo K (2018) Preparation, characterization and Cr (VI) adsorption evaluation of NaOH activated carbon produced from Date Press Cake; an agro-industrial waste. Bioresour Technol 258:48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Saka C (2012) BET, TG-DTG, FT-IR, SEM, iodine number analysis and preparation of activated carbon from acorn shell by chemical activation with ZnCl2. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 95:21–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2011.12.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Tian C, Feng C, Wei M, Wu Y (2018) Enhanced adsorption of anionic toxic contaminant Congo Red by activated carbon with electropositive amine modification. Chemosphere 208:476–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Cai W, Li Z, Wei J, Liu Y (2018) Synthesis of peanut shell based magnetic activated carbon with excellent adsorption performance towards electroplating wastewater. Chem Eng Res Des 140:23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2018.10.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Sing KSW, Everett DH, Haul RAW, Moscou L, Pierotti RA, Rouquerol J, Siemieniewska T (1985) Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity. Pure Appl Chem 57:603–619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Du W, Wang X, Sun X, Zhan J, Zhang H, Zhao X (2018) Nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon using biomass-derived activated carbon/carbonized polyaniline composites for supercapacitor electrodes. J Electroanal Chem 827:213–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.09.031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Rehman A, Park SJ (2018) Comparative study of activation methods to design nitrogen-doped ultramicroporous carbons as efficient contenders for CO2 capture. Chem Eng J 352:539–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.07.046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Zhao C, Li Y, He Z, Jiang Y, Li L, Jiang F, Zhou H, Zhu J, Meng W, Wang L, Dai L (2019) KHCO3 activated carbon microsphere as excellent electrocatalyst for VO2+/VO2+ redox couple for vanadium redox flow battery. J Energy Chem 29:103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2018.02.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Auta M, Hameed BH (2014) Optimized and functionalized paper sludge activated with potassium fluoride for single and binary adsorption of reactive dyes. J Ind Eng Chem 20:830–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.06.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Isah U, Abdulraheem G, Bala S, Muhammad S, Abdullahi M (2015) Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics studies of CI Reactive Blue 19 dye adsorption on coconut shell based activated carbon. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 102:265–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.04.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Naghipour D, Hoseinzadeh L, Taghavi K, Jaafari J (2018) Characterization, kinetic, thermodynamic and isotherm data for diclofenac removal from aqueous solution by activated carbon derived from pine tree. Data Brief 18:1082–1087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.03.068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Fernandez ME, Ledesma B, Román S, Bonelli PR, Cukierman AL (2015) Development and characterization of activated hydrochars from orange peels as potential adsorbents for emerging organic contaminants. Bioresour Technol 183:221–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Lonappan L, Rouissi T, Brar SK, Verma M, Surampalli RY (2018) An insight into the adsorption of diclofenac on different biochars: mechanisms, surface chemistry, and thermodynamics. Bioresour Technol 249:386–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Gil A, Santamaría L, Korili SA (2018) Removal of caffeine and diclofenac from aqueous solution by adsorption on multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Colloid Interface Sci Commun 22:25–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2017.11.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Antunes M, Esteves VI, Guégan R, Crespo JS, Fernandes AN, Giovanela M (2012) Removal of diclofenac sodium from aqueous solution by Isabel grape bagasse. Chem Eng J 192:114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.03.062

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Bohli T, Ouederni A, Fiol N, Villaescusa I (2015) Evaluation of an activated carbon from olive stones used as an adsorbent for heavy metal removal from aqueous phases. C R Chim 18:88–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.03.062

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Ahmad Z, Gao B, Mosa A, Yu H, Yin X, Bashir A, Wang S (2018) Removal of Cu (II), Cd (II) and Pb (II) ions from aqueous solutions by biochars derived from potassium-rich biomass. J Clean Prod 180:437–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Mohan D, Pittman CU Jr, Bricka M, Smith F, Yancey B, Mohammad J, Gong H (2007) Sorption of arsenic, cadmium, and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production. J Colloid Interface Sci 310:57–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2007.01.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the Scientific Research Projects Coordinator of Dicle University (Project No: ZGEF-15-006).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Dicle University, 21280, Diyarbakır, Turkey

    Fuat Güzel

  2. Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science and Technology, Dicle University, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey

    Filiz Koyuncu

Authors
  1. Fuat Güzel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Filiz Koyuncu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fuat Güzel.

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Güzel, F., Koyuncu, F. Conversion of citrus industrial processing solid residues to well-developed mesoporous powder-activated carbon and its some water pollutant removal performance. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 2363–2374 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01726-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01726-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation