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EVBlocks: A Blockchain-Based Secure Energy Trading Scheme for Electric Vehicles underlying 5G-V2X Ecosystems

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Abstract

In this paper, the authors propose a secure and trusted energy trading (ET) scheme for electric vehicles (EVs) for vehicle-to-anything (V2X) ecosystems. The scheme, named as EVBlocks, facilitates ET among entities (i.e., EVs, charging stations (CS), and smart grids (SG)) in a secured and trusted manner through a consortium blockchain (CBC) network. The scheme operates in three phases. In the first phase, to allow real-time and resilient network orchestration of V2X nodes, we consider the ET service designed over a fifth-generation (5G) enabled software-defined networking (SDN) environment. Integration of SDN in 5G-V2X ecosystems allows V2X nodes to eliminate intermediaries and handle many requests with a minimum response time. Then, in the second phase, a non-cooperative game is presented that optimizes a cost function and converges to reach at least one Nash equilibrium point. Finally, a consensus algorithm Proof-of-Greed (PoG) is proposed that handles fluctuations in charging/discharging EVs through an event-driven scheduling mechanism. The obtained results are compared against parameters, such as ET time, State-of-Charge (SoC) levels, EV utility, block-convergence time, profits, computation, and communication costs. For example, EVBlocks achieve an average SOC charge of 22.8MW, with a peak at 377.5MW, the average power dissipation of 4.1125 kWH that is lower than \(25\%\) against existing conventional and fixed tariff schemes. The scheme converges at stable profit values for 5 EVs through a non-cooperative game. For proposed PoG consensus, the block convergence time for 1000 nodes is 138.96 seconds, at a computation cost of 46.92 milliseconds (ms) and communication cost of 149 bytes. The comparative analysis suggests the proposed scheme is efficient as compared to existing state-of-the-art approaches against compared parameters.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

    Pronaya Bhattacharya, Sudeep Tanwar & Umesh Bodkhe

  2. Sreyas Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nagole, Hyderabad, India

    Ashwani Kumar

  3. Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Deemed to be University, Patiala, Punjab, India

    Neeraj Kumar

  4. The University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradhun, India

    Neeraj Kumar

  5. Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taiwan, Taiwan

    Neeraj Kumar

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  1. Pronaya Bhattacharya
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Correspondence to Sudeep Tanwar.

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Bhattacharya, P., Tanwar, S., Bodkhe, U. et al. EVBlocks: A Blockchain-Based Secure Energy Trading Scheme for Electric Vehicles underlying 5G-V2X Ecosystems. Wireless Pers Commun 127, 1943–1983 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-08732-5

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