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Role of PBL and Microphysical Parameterizations During WRF Simulated Monsoonal Heavy Rainfall Episodes Over Mumbai

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Abstract

Monsoon circulation and associated rainfall add complexities in the boundary layer features over the Indian subcontinents. Besides relevant microphysical variables, the characteristics of various boundary layer parameters and their variations at differing spatial and temporal scales are investigated over Mumbai during monsoonal heavy rainfall scenarios. During the summer monsoon months (June to September) of 2014–2018, 16 heavy rainfall cases are chosen for this study. High-resolution simulation is conducted with three nested domains having a horizontal resolution of 18, 6, and 2 km with the 35 vertical levels in the advanced research WRF (WRF-ARW) model. The sensitivity experiment is carried out with seven planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes; non-local first-order closure [Yonsei University (YSU), Asymmetric convective model, version 2 (ACM2), and Shin-Hong], local one-and-a-half order [Mellor–Yamada–Janjic (MYJ), quasi-normal scale elimination (QNSE), Bougeault–Lacarrére (BouLac), and Grenier-Bretherton-McCaa (GBM)] and five microphysics (MP) schemes [WSM6, Goddard, WDM6, Thompson, and Lin et al.]. PBL parameterization in combination with the Lin et al. scheme shows a significant impact on rainfall and dynamical and thermodynamical parameters at the surface and the upper levels. QNSE showed a relatively deeper and warmer atmospheric boundary layer compared to others to support strong upper-level divergence and high moisture content within the lower levels. Based on the results, QNSE is found to have a relatively better skill for representing the conducive environment, and Lin et al. microphysics could accommodate the same for the occurrence of the intense monsoonal rainfall events over Mumbai. The said combination is possibly effective for other coastal areas of India for better prediction of intense monsoonal rainfall episodes as well.

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Acknowledgements

The authors want to express their gratitude to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Precipitation Measurements Mission (GPM) for providing the half-hourly rainfall data (https://gpm.nasa.gov/data-access/downloads/gpm), National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) for initial and National Center for Atmospheric Research for global FNL data (https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds083.2/), European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for providing high-resolution ERA5 reanalysis data (https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/reanalysis-datasets/era5), and weather underground (https://www.wunderground.com/) and Wyoming weather web (http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/) for providing station observations to validate the WRF model simulations.

Funding

This work was partly funded through the sponsored project by the Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India with file no. EMR/2015/001358.

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  1. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Dist: Sundargarh, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India

    Saurabh Verma, Jagabandhu Panda & Sudhansu S. Rath

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SV wrote the initial draft. The figures were produced by Dr. SSR and SV. The simulations were jointly planned by all authors and carried out by SSR and SV. The primary idea of the work was of Dr. JP, who helped in manuscript writing, editing, and supervising. All the resources for executing the work were arranged by Dr. JP.

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Verma, S., Panda, J. & Rath, S.S. Role of PBL and Microphysical Parameterizations During WRF Simulated Monsoonal Heavy Rainfall Episodes Over Mumbai. Pure Appl. Geophys. 178, 3673–3702 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02813-z

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