Abstract
In our proposed Atomic Force Microscopy combined with Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (AFM-TERS) system, the intensity of the local electric field significantly increased by designing a grating structure on the tip of the system. Using Finite Difference Time Domain method, stimulation of surface plasmons and electron densities are done to determine the electric field around the tips of gold and silver cones. First, the geometric grating parameters are optimized to have the highest intensity of the electric field at the tip apex. Then, the distance of tip apex from the sample molecule and also the light source specifications are determined so that the highest field intensity is induced at the tip apex. To optimize the system operation the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm is used at all stages. Among the parameters, the incident angle is the most effective one on increasing the electric field strength and quality factor of the spectral response of the enhancement factor. We also noticed that by applying an appropriate grating on the cone surface, the quality factor of the spectral response of our AFM-TERS system increases significantly. Finally, using two laser sources on both sides of the tip increases the amount of enhancement factor effectively. The optimized amounts of enhancement factors at the apex of the gold and silver tips are obtained as 3.11 × 109 and 3.79 × 109 respectively, where these values are much greater than those reported earlier. The results show a noticeable improvement in the performance of the proposed AFM-TERS system.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bahadori-Haghighi, S., Ghayour, R., Sheikhi, M.H.: Three-dimensional analysis of an ultrashort optical cross-bar switch based on a graphene plasmonic coupler. J. Lightwave Technol. 35(11), 2211–2217 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2017.2688354
Bruzzone, S., Malvaldi, M., Arrighini, G.P., Guidotti, C.: Theoretical study of electromagnetic scattering by metal nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. B 109(9), 3807–3812 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp045451a
Çapoğlu, D., İlker, R., Taflove, A., Backman, V.: Generation of an incident focused light pulse in FDTD. Opt. Express 16(23), 19208–19220 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.16.019208
Gao, C., Lin, W., Wang, J., Wang, R., Wang, J.: Principle and application of Tip-Enhanced Raman Scattering. Plasmonics 13(4), 1343–1358 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-017-0638-6
Glover, F., Kochenberger, G.A.: Handbook of metaheuristics. Kluwer academic publishers, New York (2003)
Hoorfar, A.: Evolutionary programming in electromagnetic optimization. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 55(3), 523–537 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2007.891306
Huang, B., Bates, M., Zhuang, X.W.: Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 78, 993–1016 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.77.061906.092014
Johnson, P.B., Christy, R.W.: Optical constants of the noble metals. Phys. Rev. B 6, 4370–4379 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.6.4370
Kazemi-Zanjani, N., Vedraine, S., Lagugné-Labarthet, F.: Localized enhancement of electric field in tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy using radially and linearly polarized light. Opt. Express 21(21), 25271–25276 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.025271
Kumar, N., Mignuzzi, S., Su, W., Roy, D.: Tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy: principles and applications. EPJ Tech. Instr. 2, 9 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjti/s40485-015-0019-5
Kunz, K.S., Luebbers, R.J.: The finite difference time domain method for electromagnetics. CRC Press, Cambridge (1993)
Lee, N., Hartschuh, R.D., Mehtani, D., Kisliuk, A., Maguire, J.F., Green, M., Foster, M.D., Sokolov, A.P.: High contrast scanning nano-Raman spectroscopy of silicon. J. Raman Spectr. 38, 789–796 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1698
Liao, P.F., Wokaun, A.: Lightning rod effect in surface enhanced Raman scattering. J. Chem. Phys. 76, 751 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.442690
Lu, F., Zhang, W., Zhang, J., Liu, M., Zhang, L., Xue, T., Meng, C., Gao, F., Mei, T., Zhao, J.: Grating-assisted coupling enhancing plasmonic tip nanofocusing illuminated via radial vector beam. Nanophotonics 8(12), 2303–2311 (2019)
Malinin, A. V., Zanishevskaja, A. A., Tuchin, V. V., Skibina, Yu. S., Silokhin, I. Yu.: Photonic crystal fibers for food quality analysis, In Biophotonics: Photonic Solutions for Better Health Care III, Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 8427, J. Popp, W. Drexler, V.V. Tuchin, D.L. Matthews (Eds.), SPIE, Bellingham, WA, USA (2012). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.924096
Mauser, N., Hartschuh, A.: Tip-Enhanced near-field optical microscopy. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 1248–1262 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60258C
Meng, L.Y., Huang, T.X., Wang, X., Chen, S., Yang, Z.L., Ren, B.: Gold-coated AFM tips for tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy: theoretical calculation and experimental demonstration. Opt. Express 23(11), 13804–13813 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.013804
Miranda, H., Rabelo, C., Cancado, L.G., Vasconcelos, T.L., Oliveira, B.S., Schulz, F., Lange, H., Reich, S., Kusch, P., Jorio, A.: Impact of substrate on Tip-Enhanced Raman spectroscopy: a comparison between field-distribution simulations and graphene measurements. Phys. Rev. Res 2(2), 023408 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.023408
Monsefi, F., Otterskog, M., Silvestrov, S.: Direct and inverse computational methods for electromagneti electromagnetic scattering in biological diagnostics. arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.4379 (2013).
Najjar, S., Talaga, D., Schue, L., Coffinier, Y., Szunerits, S., Boukherroub, R., Servant, L., Rodriguez, V., Bonhommeau, S.: Tip-Enhanced Raman spectroscopy of combed double-stranded DNA bundles. J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 1174–11181 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp410963z
Nicklaus, M.: Tip-Enhanced Raman spectroscopy for nanoelectronics. BoD–Books on Demand, p. 20–120 (2014).
Novotny, L.: Antennas for light. Nat. Photonics 5(2), 83–90 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2010.237
Okuno, Y., Saito, Y., Kawata, S., Verma, P.: Tip-Enhanced Raman investigation of extremely localized semiconductor-to-metal transition of a carbon nanotube. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(21), id 216101 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.216101
Palik, ed.: Silicon dioxide (SiO2) glass in handbook of Optical Constants of Solids. I, p. 749 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-20920-2
Qing, A.: Electromagnetic inverse scattering of multiple Two-dimensional perfectly conducting objects by the differential evolution strategy. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 51(6), 1251–1262 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2003.811492
Rahaman, M., Milekhin, A.G., Mukherjee, A., Rodyakina, E.E., Latyshev, A.V., Dzhagan, V.M., Zahn, D.R.T.: The role of a plasmonic substrate on the enhancement and spatial resolution of Tip-Enhanced Raman scattering. Faraday Disc 214, 309–323 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8fd00142a
Ramanauskaite, L., Xu, H., Griskonis, E., et al.: Comparison and evaluation of silver probe preparation techniques for Tip-Enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Plasmonics 13, 1907–1919 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-018-0705-7
Schmitt, M., Popp, J.: Raman spectroscopy at the beginning of the twenty - first century. J. Raman Spectrosc. 37(1–3), 20–28 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1486
Shao, F., Zenobi, R.: Tip-Enhanced Raman spectroscopy: principles, practice, and applications to nanospectroscopic imaging of 2D materials. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 411(1), 37 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-1392-0
Su, W., Roy, D.: Visualizing graphene edges using Tip-Enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 31, 041808 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1116/1.4813848
Sullivan, D.M.: Electromagnetic simulation using the FDTD method. Wiley, New York (2013)
Wang, X., Zhang, D., Braun, K., Egelhaaf, H.J., Brabec, C.J., Meixner, A.J.: High-resolution spectroscopic mapping of the chemical contrast from nanometer domains in P3HT: PCBM organic blend films for solar-cell applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 20, 492–499 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200901930
Yang, Z., Aizpurua, J., Hongxing, X.: Electromagnetic field enhancement in TERS configurations. J. Raman Spectrosc. 40, 1343–1348 (2009)
Yee, K.: Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwell’s equations in isotropic media. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 14(3), 302–307 (1966). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.1966.1138693
Zhang, R., Zhang, Y., Dong, Z.C., Jiang, S., Zhang, C., Chen, L.G., Zhang, L., Liao, Y., Aizpurua, J., Luo, Y., Yang, J.L., Hou, J.G.: Chemical mapping of a single molecule by Plasmon-enhanced Raman scattering. Nature 498, 82–86 (2013a). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12151
Zhang, Z., Tian, X., Zheng, H., Xu, H., Sun, M.: Tip-Enhanced ultrasensitive stokes and Anti-stokes Raman spectroscopy in high vacuum. Plasmonics 8, 523–527 (2013b). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-012-9426-5
Zhang, Y., Wang, S., Ji, G.A.: comprehensive survey on particle swarm optimization: algorithms and its applications. Math. Probl. Eng. 15, 1–38 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/931256
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Katebi Jahromi, M., Ghayour, R. & Adelpour, Z. Modeling electric field increment in the Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy by using grating on the probe of atomic force nanoscope. Opt Quant Electron 53, 385 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03051-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03051-2