Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on tool life of multilayer coated carbide inserts by shoulder milling of EN8 steel

  • Technical Paper
  • Published:
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

High-strength materials are hard to machine with ordinary tools and necessitates tool inserts of high strength and hardness to machine them. One of the methods to improve the physical properties of an insert material is cryogenic treatment which involves the treating of materials at low temperatures. In the current experiments, two multilayer carbide tool inserts WS40PM and F40M were analyzed by cryogenically treating them. Three class of cutting tool inserts were taken for comparison: untreated, cryogenically treated and cryogenically treated and tempered (CTT). The microstructural changes were observed through scanning electron microscopy, and the change in microstructure of all classes of tool inserts was compared and contrasted. Hardness of the tool inserts was measured using Vickers microhardness tester, and the variation of crystallite size in tool inserts was examined through X-ray diffraction studies. Rate of tool wear (through flank wear) was observed by performing shoulder milling operation on the mild steel EN8 grade steel at constant velocity in a CNC vertical machining center using treated and untreated tool inserts. The results showcased the increase in insert hardness, microstructure and tool life of treated tools when compared with untreated tool inserts. Highest hardness was achieved for CTT tool inserts and was found to be 1142 HV for WS40PM and 1483 for F40M inserts, respectively. From the flank wear studies, F40M inserts experienced a wear of 203 µm and WS40PM inserts experienced 269 µm upon machining EN8 grade steel.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kulkarni AP, Sargade VG (2015) Characterization and performance of AlTiN, AlTiCrN, TiN/TiAlN PVD coated carbide tools while turning SS 304. Mater Manuf Process 30:748–755. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2014.984217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Maruda RW, Krolczyk GM, Wojciechowski S et al (2020) Evaluation of turning with different cooling-lubricating techniques in terms of surface integrity and tribologic properties. Tribol Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Wojciechowski S, Talar R, Zawadzki P et al (2020) Study on technological effects of a precise grooving of AlSi13MgCuNi alloy with a novel WCCo/PCD (DDCC) inserts. Materials. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13112467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Rajeshkumar L, Saravanakumar A, Bhuvaneswari V et al (2020) Tribological behaviour of AA2219/MOS2 metal matrix composites under lubrication. AIP Conf Proc. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0000042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Li B, Zhang S, Zhang T, Zhang J (2019) Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on microstructure, mechanical properties and machining performances of coated carbide tool. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-018-1533-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Das D, Dutta AK, Toppo V, Ray KK (2007) Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the carbide precipitation and tribological behavior of D2 steel. Mater Manufac Proc 22(4):474–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Kumar S, Khedkar NK, Jagtap B, Singh TP (2017) The effects of cryogenic treatment on cutting tools. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 225:012104. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/225/1/012104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Akincioğlu S, Gökkaya H, Uygur İ (2015) A review of cryogenic treatment on cutting tools. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 78:1609–1627

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Padmakumar M, Dinakaran D, Guruprasath J (2017) Characterization of cryogenically treated cemented carbide. Integr Ferroelectr 185:65–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584587.2017.1370340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Akıncıoğlu G (2021) Investigation of the effect of cryogenic treatment cubic boron nitride turning insert tools. J Mater Eng Perform 30:1280–1288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05453-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Sivalingam V, Sun J, Selvam B et al (2019) Experimental investigation of tool wear in cryogenically treated insert during end milling of hard Ti alloy. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-019-1612-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Nieslony P, Krolczyk GM, Chudy R et al (2020) Study on physical and technological effects of precise turning with self-propelled rotary tool. Precis Eng 66:62–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2020.06.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Wojciechowski S, Talar R, Zawadzki P, Wieczorowski M (2020) Evaluation of physical indicators and tool wear during grooving of spheroidal cast iron with a novel WCCo/cBN (BNDCC) inserts. Wear. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2020.203301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Varghese V, Ramesh MR, Chakradhar D (2019) Influence of deep cryogenic treatment on performance of cemented carbide (WC-Co) inserts during dry end milling of maraging steel. J Manuf Process 37:242–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.11.030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Arulkirubakaran D, Balasubramanian K, Raju R et al (2019) Machinability studies on precipitation hardened stainless steel using cryo-treated textured carbide inserts. J Sci Ind Res 78:216–222

    Google Scholar 

  16. Palanisamy D, Balasubramanian K, Manikandan N et al (2019) Machinability analysis of high strength materials with cryo-treated textured tungsten carbide inserts. Mater Manuf Process 34:502–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2019.1566612

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Akıncıoğlu S, Gökkaya H, Uygur İ (2016) The effects of cryogenic-treated carbide tools on tool wear and surface roughness of turning of Hastelloy C22 based on Taguchi method. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 82:303–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7356-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Rajeshkumar LN, Amirthagadeswaran KS (2019) Variations in the properties of copper-alumina nanocomposites synthesized by mechanical alloying. Mater Tehnol 53:57–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhang W, Zhang L, Wang S et al (2019) Optimization of machining parameters of 2.25Cr1Mo0.25V steel based on response surface method and genetic algorithm. Int J Interact Des Manuf 13:809–819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-018-00525-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Saravanakumar A, Rajeshkumar L, Balaji D, Jithin Karunan MP (2020) Prediction of wear characteristics of AA2219-Gr matrix composites using GRNN and Taguchi-based approach. Arab J Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04817-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Deshpande RG, Venugopal KA (2018) Machining with cryogenically treated carbide cutting tool inserts. In: Materials Today: Proceedings. pp 1872–1878

  22. Mane S, Kumar S (2019) Optimization of cutting parameters in dry turning of AISI 4140 hardened alloy steel with coated carbide tool. Lect Notes Mech Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2490-1_41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Das A, Patel SK, Hotta TK, Biswal BB (2019) Statistical analysis of different machining characteristics of EN-24 alloy steel during dry hard turning with multilayer coated cermet inserts. Meas J Int Meas Confed 134:123–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.10.065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Çakir FH, Çelik ON (2020) Tribological properties of cryo-treated and aged Ti6Al4V alloy. Trans Indian Inst Met 73:799–809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-020-01898-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Özbek NA, Çiçek A, Gülesin M, Özbek O (2016) Effect of cutting conditions on wear performance of cryogenically treated tungsten carbide inserts in dry turning of stainless steel. Tribol Int 94:223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.08.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Das A, Das SR, Patel SK, Biswal BB (2020) Experimental investigation of various machining attributes and cost estimation during machining of hardened AISI 4340 steel with untreated and cryo treated cermet inserts. Mech Ind. https://doi.org/10.1051/meca/2019082

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Rajeshkumar L, Suriyanarayanan R, Shree Hari K et al (2020) Influence of boron carbide addition on particle size of copper zinc alloys synthesized by powder metallurgy. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 954:012008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/954/1/012008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Kumar LR, Amirthagadeswaran KS (2020) Corrosion and wear behaviour of nano Al2O3 reinforced copper metal matrix composites synthesized by high energy ball milling. Part Sci Technol 38:228–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/02726351.2018.1526834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Kara F, Karabatak M, Ayyildiz M, Nas E (2020) Effect of machinability, microstructure and hardness of deep cryogenic treatment in hard turning of AISI D2 steel with ceramic cutting. J Mater Res Technol 9:969–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.11.037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Saini A, Pabla BS, Dhami SS (2020) Improvement in performance of cryogenically treated tungsten carbide tools in face milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Mater Manuf Process 35:598–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2019.1615079

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Sahoo BN, Mohanty A, Gangopadhyay S, K V, (2020) An insight into microstructure and machining performance of deep cryogenically treated cemented carbide inserts. J Manuf Process 58:819–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.09.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Meng Y, Villa M, Dahl KV et al (2020) Synchrotron X-ray diffraction investigation of the effect of cryogenic treatment on the microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V. Appl Surf Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Suresh R, Basavarajappa S, Samuel GL (2012) Some studies on hard turning of AISI 4340 steel using multilayer coated carbide tool. Meas J Int Meas Confed 45:1872–1884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2012.03.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Sivalingam S, Sureshkannan G (2019) Effect of PCGTAW on the Inconel 690 alloy with respect to microsegregation attainment in comparison with the base metal processed with autogenous welding. Mater Tehnol 53:9–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Voglar J, Novak Ž, Jovičević-Klug P et al (2021) Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on corrosion properties of various high-speed steels. Metals 11:1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11010014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Akıncıoğlu G, Mendi F, Çiçek A, Akıncıoğlu S (2017) Taguchi optimization of machining parameters in drilling of AISI D2 steel using cryo-treated carbide drills. Sadhana Acad Proc Eng Sci 42:213–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-017-0598-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Zerti A, Yallese MA, Meddour I et al (2019) Modeling and multi-objective optimization for minimizing surface roughness, cutting force, and power, and maximizing productivity for tempered stainless steel AISI 420 in turning operations. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 102:135–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2984-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Akincioğlu S, Gökkaya H, Akincioğlu G, Karataş MA (2020) Taguchi optimization of surface roughness in the turning of Hastelloy C22 super alloy using cryogenically treated ceramic inserts. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part C J Mech Eng Sci 234:3826–3836. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406220917708

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Saravanakumar A, Sivalingam S, Kumar LR (2018) Dry Sliding wear of AA2219/Gr Metal matrix composites. In: Materials Today: Proceedings

  40. Chen W, Wu W, Li C, Meng X (2020) Influence of deep cryogenic treatment and secondary tempering on microstructure and mechanical properties of medium-carbon low-alloy steels. J Mater Eng Perform 29:10–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04532-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Saravanakumar A, Ravikanth D, Rajeshkumar L et al (2021) Tribological behaviour of Mos2 and graphite reinforced aluminium matrix composites. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol 1059, pp 012021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1059/1/012021.

  42. Gill SS, Singh J, Singh H, Singh R (2012) Metallurgical and mechanical characteristics of cryogenically treated tungsten carbide (WC-Co). Int J Adv Manuf Technol 58:119–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-011-3369-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. He HB, Han WQ, Li HY et al (2014) Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on machinability and wear mechanism of TiAlN coated tools during dry turning. Int J Precis Eng Manuf 15:655–660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-014-0384-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Rajesh kumar L, Saravanakumar A, Bhuvaneswari V et al (2019) Optimization of wear behaviour for AA2219-MoS2 metal matrix composites in dry and lubricated condition. Mater Today Proc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Patil N, Gopalakrishna K, Sangmesh B (2020) Performance evaluation of cryogenic treated and untreated carbide inserts during machining of AISI 304 steel. Int J Automot Mech Eng 17(1):7709–7718

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Akıncıoğlu S (2021) Investigation of the effect of deep cryogenic process on the tribological properties of X153CrMoV12 mold steel. J Mater Eng Perform 30:2843–2852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05599-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors sincerely thank M/s. Barani Hydraulics India Pvt. Ltd., Coimbatore, India, for providing tool inserts materials and experimental setup and M/s. Lakshmi Vacuum Heat Treaters for providing cryogenic treatment facility.

Funding

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jai Shriram Engineering College, Avinashipalayam, Tamilnadu, 638660, India

    R. Mahendran, P. Rajkumar, L. Nirmal Raj & S. Karthikeyan

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, 641407, India

    L. Rajeshkumar

Authors
  1. R. Mahendran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. P. Rajkumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. L. Nirmal Raj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S. Karthikeyan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. L. Rajeshkumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

RM took part in experimentation and initial draft preparation, PR participated in the initial draft preparation, LNR carried out experimentation, SK had contributed to the final draft preparation, and LR did data compilation, revision and proofreading.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to L. Rajeshkumar.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declared that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

The authors declare that the manuscript complies with the ethical standards.

Additional information

Technical Editor: Monica Carvalho.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mahendran, R., Rajkumar, P., Nirmal Raj, L. et al. Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on tool life of multilayer coated carbide inserts by shoulder milling of EN8 steel. J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 43, 378 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-021-03100-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-021-03100-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation