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Developmental Cascades from Polygenic and Prenatal Substance Use to Adolescent Substance Use: Leveraging Severity and Directionality of Externalizing and Internalizing Problems to Understand Pubertal and Harsh Discipline-Related Risk

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Abstract

The current study leveraged the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort (n = 4504 White boys, n = 4287 White girls assessed from the prenatal period through 18.5 years of age) to test a developmental cascade from genetic and prenatal substance use through pubertal timing and parenting to the severity of (regardless of type) and directionality (i.e., differentiation) of externalizing and internalizing problems to adolescent substance use. Limited associations of early pubertal timing with substance use outcomes were only observable via symptom directionality, differently for girls and boys. For boys, more severe exposure to prenatal substance use influenced adolescent substance use progression via differentiation towards relatively more pure externalizing problems, but in girls the associations were largely direct. Severity and especially directionality (i.e., differentiation towards relatively more pure externalizing problems) were key intermediaries in developmental cascades from parental harsh discipline with substance use progressions for girls and boys.

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Data availability

Data for the current study is available from the ALSPAC study: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/researchers/access/.

Code availability

Derived variables and associated code for variables created in this study are returned to the ALSPAC Executive Team, and are available/distributed by ALSPAC. Data analytic scripts or additional details are freely available upon author request.

Notes

  1. We also considered a more restrictive measure of harsh discipline that included only the slapped/hit item, averaged across the 9.5 and 11.5 year assessments. Results (available on author request) were practically identical when using this more restrictive measure; we elected to present findings from the more psychometrically sound four-item measure.

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Acknowledgements

We are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC Team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses.

Funding

The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (Grant Ref. 217065/Z/19/Z) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors, who will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website (http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/external/documents/grant-acknowledgements.pdf). GWAS data was generated by Sample Logistics and Genotyping Facilities at Wellcome Sanger Institute and LabCorp (Laboratory Corporation of America) using support from 23andMe. This research was specifically funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01 DA039288, Marceau).

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  1. Purdue University, 225 Hanley Hall, 1202 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA

    Kristine Marceau, Amy M. Loviska & Valerie S. Knopik

  2. Rogers Behavioral Health, Oconomowoc, WI, USA

    Gregor Horvath

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KM conceived of the study, analyzed the data, and drafted the manuscript. GH and AL were instrumental in construction of key study variables. VK was instrumental in conceptualizing the study. All authors edited the manuscript and approved of the final manuscript prior to submission.

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Correspondence to Kristine Marceau.

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Kristine Marceau, Gregor Horvath, Amy Loviska, and Valerie Knopik declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee and the Local Research Ethics Committees. Ethical approval for the present data analysis was also obtained from the Purdue University IRB.

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Informed consent for the use of data collected via questionnaires and clinics was obtained from participants following the recommendations of the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee at the time.

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Marceau, K., Horvath, G., Loviska, A.M. et al. Developmental Cascades from Polygenic and Prenatal Substance Use to Adolescent Substance Use: Leveraging Severity and Directionality of Externalizing and Internalizing Problems to Understand Pubertal and Harsh Discipline-Related Risk. Behav Genet 51, 559–579 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-021-10068-6

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