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Snail Mucus Increases the CO2 Efflux of Biological Soil Crusts

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Abstract

Biological soil crusts (hereafter, biocrusts) are communities of microorganisms that regulate key ecosystem processes such as water distribution, soil erosion, and nutrient cycling in drylands worldwide. The nature of biocrust function can be influenced by multiple environmental factors, including climatic conditions (for example, precipitation), interactions with plants, and anthropogenic disturbances. Animal regulation of biocrust function has received less research attention, focusing primarily on livestock trampling and to a much lesser extent on biocrust consumption by mesofauna. Deposition of animal waste products, carcasses, and other body secretions such as mucus may also affect biocrust function. Yet, this novel regulatory pathway, to our knowledge, has never been empirically tested. Our goal was to begin bridging this knowledge gap by exploring how snail mucus affects biocrust CO2 efflux—using two distinct biocrust communities and three snail species. We found that snail mucus increased the CO2 efflux of both cyanobacteria-dominated and lichen/moss-dominated biocrusts. However, the magnitude of snail mucus effects on biocrust CO2 efflux varied between snail species—possibly due to species-level differences in snail diet. Our study highlights a novel interaction between animals and biocrusts and suggests that even small quantities of animal-derived nutrients can have important consequences for biocrust carbon dynamics.

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Data availability

Data can be accessed through Dryad (https://doi.org/10.25338/B8NK9N).

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Coral Ben Lulu, Irit Mogilevsky, Daniel Robas, and Lavie Schler for field and laboratory assistance, and two anonymous reviewers for providing constructive comments. We also thank the support provided by a Minerva Center for Movement Ecology Postdoctoral Fellowship, Zuckerman STEM Leadership Fellowship, and Lady Davis Postdoctoral Fellowship to S.R. and a European Research Council Grant (ERC-2013-StG-337023 (ECOSTRESS)) and an Israel Science Foundation Personal Research Grant (ISF-1391/19) to D.H.

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  1. S. Rinehart and N. D. Shamir Weller have contributed equally to this article.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel

    S. Rinehart, N. D. Shamir Weller & D. Hawlena

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Alabama, 35487, USA

    S. Rinehart

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  1. S. Rinehart
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Correspondence to S. Rinehart.

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Author contributions: All authors conceived this study and designed the experiments. S.A.R. and N.S.W. collected and analyzed the data. All authors participated in writing the manuscript, contributed critically to the drafts, and gave final approval for publication.

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Rinehart, S., Shamir Weller, N.D. & Hawlena, D. Snail Mucus Increases the CO2 Efflux of Biological Soil Crusts. Ecosystems 25, 537–547 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-021-00670-4

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