Geotrichum candidum aldehyde dehydrogenase-inorganic nanocrystal with enhanced activity

doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109866

Enzyme and Microbial Technology

Volume 150, October 2021, 109866

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109866 Get rights and content

Highlights

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Geotrichum candidum aldehyde dehydrogenase (GcALDH) was firstly immobilized by organic-inorganic nanocrystal formation.
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The GcALDH nanocrystal exhibited enhanced activity of benzaldehyde oxidation to be 261 % comparing to the free GcALDH.
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The GcALDH nanocrystal retained broad substrate specificity property.
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The thermostability and recyclability of the GcALDH were improved by immobilization.
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The robustness and versatility of the GcALDH nanocrystal made it promising for further applications.

Abstract

A novel Geotrichum candidum aldehyde dehydrogenase (GcALDH) effectively oxidized aldehydes to carboxylic acids under mild conditions. Nonetheless, the free form of GcALDH still had a limitation in stability and recyclability. Herein, to overcome these limitations, this study achieved the immobilization of the GcALDH by the organic-inorganic nanocrystal formation. The GcALDH nanocrystal exhibited 261 ± 40 % of activity comparing to the free enzyme. It also exhibited improved thermostability and recyclability as well as remained excellent substrate promiscuity, which suggested its potential use in green industries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to report the ALDH-inorganic nanocrystal formation with superior properties.

Introduction

Oxidation reaction has played an important role in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Although several versatile oxidative reagents have been employed for the reaction, there are some drawbacks such as explosible reactions, solvent and by-product waste generation, and requirement of hazardous heavy metals. Due to this, green synthesis could be another promising approach to solve the problems. [[1], [2], [3], [4]] Meanwhile, biocatalysis has been widely studied for chemical reactions because of their advantages such as mild operation conditions, high selectivity, and non-hazardous chemicals required [5]. Several enzymes have been used for oxidation reactions for examples hydroxylation, oxidation of alcohols, oxidation of sulfides, Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, and oxidation of aldehydes [[6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12]]. In the meantime, our research group also reported the oxidation by a novel Geotrichum candidum aldehyde dehydrogenase (GcALDH); it effectively oxidized broad kinds of aldehydes to carboxylic acids, as well as selectively oxidized dialdehydes to aldehydic acids (Scheme 1). The unique and broad substrate specificity properties of the GcALDH may open its potential application in industries. [13] However, there were limitations of the free form of GcALDH such as low stability and lack of recyclability that had to be solved.

Enzyme immobilization has been an alternative method to improve enzyme stability and enable the recycling of enzymes. [14,15] Although a number of enzyme immobilization methods have been developed, many of them have faced a dramatic loss of enzyme activity by reasons of using organic solvent during immobilization, significant mass transfer restriction, and undesirable chemical reactions between protein and immobilization supports [16]. Among numerous immobilization methods, organic-inorganic nanocrystal formation was introduced as an effective approach for protein immobilization [17]. Several studies immobilized functional proteins by this formation and applied it in broad study areas for instances biosensor, biomedicine, wastewater treatment, and biocatalysis [[17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24]]. Even some enzymes have been immobilized by the organic-inorganic nanocrystal formation for biotransformation including lipase [25], peroxidase [17,26,27], and alcohol dehydrogenase [28,29], there was still nonetheless no report of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) immobilization, to the best of our knowledge. Here, this research presents the first example of ALDH immobilized by the organic-inorganic nanocrystal formation which was used to oxidize various aldehydes. The optimum immobilization conditions, morphology, thermostability, recyclability, substrate specificity, and preparative scale reaction of GcALDH nanocrystal were investigated.

Section snippets

Materials

GcALDH was prepared according to the previous study. [13] Chemicals for GcALDH and GcALDH nanocrystal preparation were purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Japan), except for 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) and dithiothreitol (DTT), which were supplied by Sigma Aldrich (USA) and Wako (Japan), respectively. Protein concentration measurement reagent was supplied from Bio-Rad (USA). Commercial grade solvents and chemicals were purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Japan).

Immobilization of GcALDH

GcALDH nanocrystal preparation method was optimized by varying kinds of metal ion, Mn²⁺ concentration, PBS concentration, PBS pH, and protein concentration. The GcALDH was entirely entrapped in the nanocrystal without the leak to the supernatants under all conditions tested. Activity for the oxidation of benzaldehyde in Fig. S1 shows that the optimum conditions were Mn²⁺ (10 mM), PBS (15 mM, pH 7.4), and GcALDH (0.10 mg/mL). The activities of free GcALDH and GcALDH nanocrystal prepared under

Conclusions

In conclusion, for the first time to our knowledge, an aldehyde dehydrogenase (GcALDH) was successfully immobilized by the organic-inorganic nanocrystal formation. The GcALDH nanocrystal enhanced the activity and retained the broad substrate specificity property of the free GcALDH. Moreover, the GcALDH exhibited greater thermostability than the free GcALDH, as well as overcame recyclability limitation. The superior properties of the GcALDH nanocrystal presented the feasibility for industrial

Author contributions

K.T. and K.O. contributed equally to this work.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Kotchakorn T.sriwong: Writing - original draft, Conceptualization, Methodology. Kazuki Ogura: Investigation, Methodology. Muhammad Arisyi Hawari: Investigation. Tomoko Matsuda: Writing - review & editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Open Research Facilities for Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, for the support of SEM and EDX analysis. This work was partially supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan (grant number JP19K05560) to Tomoko Matsuda.

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View full text

Geotrichum candidum aldehyde dehydrogenase-inorganic nanocrystal with enhanced activity

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Materials

Immobilization of GcALDH

Conclusions

Author contributions

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Declaration of Competing Interest

Acknowledgments

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Chemosphere

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Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces

Anal. Biochem.

Sens. Actuators B Chem.

Sens. Actuators B Chem.

Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.

Selective oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes over supported metal nanoparticles

Green Chem.