Plant beneficial rhizobacteria community structure changes through developmental stages of peanut and maize
Introduction
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a crop of great economic significance Worldwide reaching its production more than 50M tons in 2018 (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2021). Argentina is one the major producers of this leguminous in the world (Peanut Argentina Chamber, 2018) and approximately 90% of its production is concentrated in the province of Córdoba (Cordoba Cereal Stock-MarketBag Institute, 2018). In addition, peanut crop is usually rotated with maize (Zea mays L.). Argentina is among the main producers and exporters of this crop in the world (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2018) and in the province of Córdoba about 30% of national production of this crop is produced (Argentinian Agroindustry Secretary, 2019).
Soil microbes play key roles in regulating soil fertility, plant health, the cycling of nutrients and the degrading of organic material among others (King, 2014). Within this environment, the rhizosphere is a versatile and dynamic ecological environment of microbe-plant interactions. Effect of root exudates on rhizobacteria are diverse and can be associated with the plant type and development and root branching (Pervaiz et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2021). The root exudates include sugars, amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, sterols, vitamins, enzymes, flavonones and nucleotides which create a unique environment in the rhizosphere (Badri et al., 2009). Also, the composition of root exudates depends on plant species, phenological plant stage and environmental factors among others (Sessitsch et al., 2012). The quantity and quality of root exudates selectively influence on rhizosphere microbial communities (Dennis et al., 2010).
Many of the bacteria that are found around plant roots have the ability to facilitate plant growth and consequently are called plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Within PGPB several strains have been used as biofertilizers (Olanrewaju et al., 2017). In peanut and maize producing area of Cordoba, low values of N and P available contents has been reported (9–14 and 5–15 mg kg−1 soil, respectively) (Sainz Rosas et al., 2012; Anzuay et al., 2015). Previous studies indicated that theses soils harbor a heterogenous phosphate solubilizing and nitrogen fixing population (Anzuay et al., 2013, Anzuay et al., 2015).
Since maize and peanut are important crops, representing a cereal and a legume, it would be important to understand the rhizobacterial community structure associated to these plants and their potential change during different plant growth stages. In particular, interest was focused on plant growth promoting bacteria. This study constitutes a descriptive analysis of the rhizobacterial communities that inhabit the agricultural soil of Córdoba. In this sense, the hypothesis of this study was that plant phenological growth stage determines the abundance and diversity of the plant beneficial rhizobacterial community associated to peanut and maize. Thus, the objectives of this study were to analyze in different plant growth stages (1) the abundance of diazotrophic bacteria (DB) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and (2) the rhizobacterial community structure associated with peanut and maize plants.
Section snippets
Microcosm assay
The plant grow support selected for the microcosm assay was soil from the peanut cultivation area of Córdoba: organic matter: 1.92% (Walkley-Black method), pH:7.3 (Potenciometry1:2.5), N: 12.9 μg g−1(phenolsulfonic acid) and P: 13.6 μgg−1 (Bray and Kurtz I method). Approximately 7 kg of unsterilized soil was transferred to superficially disinfected plastic pots (35 cm-diameter, 40 cm height). Disinfected seeds of peanut (cv. granoleico) and maize (NK 910 TD Max hybrid, Syngenta) according to
Dynamics of culturable rhizobacteria associated to peanut and maize in different plants growth stages
Results obtained indicated that the number of the three bacterial populations analyzed varied during plant growth and those changes depended on plant species (Fig. 1). In general, the abundance of CHB and DB was similar in the communities of peanut and maize plants and higher than the number of PSB. For this last population, the count was greater in peanut rhizosphere than in maize rhizosphere (Fig. 1). An increase in the abundance of DB and PSB was observed earlier in both rhizospheres during
Abundance of culturable diazotrophic and phosphate solubilizing bacteria increase during peanut and maize development
As expected, the number of CHB detected in both peanut and maize rhizosphere was higher than the other two bacterial populations analyzed, following in decreasing order DB and PSB. The earlier increase in the number of DB and PSB with respect to CHB observed in both rhizosphere during plant growth suggests that these beneficial bacteria should be attracted by compounds in the plant vegetative stage. It has been reported that root exudates of the plants influence the abundance and composition of
Conclusions
In this study, the most structural changes of the rhizobacterial communities were on the late plant growth stage in which genera related to plant growth promoting bacteria were increased in their relative abundance in the communities of both plants. This increase could be related to the high demands of macronutrients that plants need in the late plant growth stage. The rhizobacterial communities are selected by the plant through the differential root exudate's composition during its different
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
Declaration of Funding statement: This research was supported by Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Secretaría de Ciencia y Técnica de la Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (SECYT-UNRC), and Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT). N.P. is fellowships from CONICET, F.D.M. is professor of UNRC and M.S.A., L.M.L, J.G.A. and T.T. are members of research career of CONICET, Argentina.
This work used computational resources from the
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