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Petrogenesis of peraluminous magmas in the Central Andean backarc: the Huayra Huasi Volcanic Complex, NW Argentina

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Abstract

The Huayra Huasi Volcanic Complex of Miocene age (11.88 ± 0.15 Ma U–Pb zircon) was emplaced in the Northern Puna plateau of Argentina, spatially associated with ignimbrites erupted from Altiplano–Puna Volcanic Complex calderas. The complex comprises biotite-bearing dacites and low-SiO2 rhyolites in the northern area and high-SiO2 rhyolites in the south, all with peraluminous compositions (A/CNK > 1.0–1.22). The units have broadly similar initial Sr and Nd isotopic ratios (87Sr/86Sr ∼ 0.71013–0.71225 and εNd ∼ −5.4 to −7.0) and are composed of plagioclase, quartz, sanidine and biotite as the main phenocryst phases. All units host macroscopic microgranular enclaves and xenoliths of sillimanite–biotite schists, sillimanite- and sillimanite–garnet gneisses, as well as fibrous alumina-rich microxenoliths, the latter being especially abundant in the southern rhyolites. Petrographic, mineral and whole-rock geochemistry, geothermometric and isotopic data indicate that all units of the complex originated by contamination of andesite magmas through assimilation of upper crustal lithologies in early stages of magma evolution. The fibrous alumina-rich microxenoliths are composed almost entirely of refractory minerals (sill + Kfsp ± Pl ± Bt) and interpreted as peritectic or restitic products of partial melting of assimilated metasedimentary rocks similar to the unmodified metamorphic xenoliths in the complex. Geochemical modeling indicates that, after early-stage contamination, each magmatic unit evolved separately. Whereas the northern dacites and low-SiO2 rhyolites underwent assimilation and fractional crystallization throughout their history, the southern rhyolites mainly evolved via fractional crystallization of felsic phases alone. This study shows that the peraluminous nature of felsic magmas do not necessarily originate by partial melting of crustal material but can be acquired by metaluminous magmas during later evolution. The processes shown here of assimilation and fractional crystallization and pure fractional crystallization has relevance for other igneous bodies of similar compositions in the Puna backarc and worldwide.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Roberto Liquín (CIT-Jujuy) and the late Paulino Cachizumba (IdGyM-UNJu) for preparation of thin sections and chemical analyses. Pedro Zambrana (IdGyM-UNJu) and Mauro Mingo are thanked for their help during fieldwork. We thank Franziska Wilke and Oona Appelt (GFZ Potsdam), as well as Sonja Storm (HIP, Heidelberg University) for their assistance with the electron microprobe and SIMS analyses, respectively. The authors thank D. Barrie Clarke and Beatriz Coira for their reviews that significantly improved the quality of the original manuscript.

Funding

This contribution was funded by the German—Argentinian STRATEGY Project (A.4.2), Secretaría de Ciencia, Técnica y Estudios Regionales—Universidad Nacional de Jujuy (SeCTER-UNJu E/0030), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (PIO UNJu 14020140100010CO) and Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Técnica (PICT V 2014 3654 and PICT2016 N°0044).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA), Universidad Nacional de Jujuy–CONICET and Instituto de Geología y Minería, Avenida Bolivia 1661, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina

    C. B. Jofré, P. J. Caffe, G. Maro, C. Sarchi, P. I. Flores, Y. J. Peralta Arnold & M. G. Franco

  2. GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    R. B. Trumbull

  3. Institut Für Geowissenschaften, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234-236, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany

    A. K. Schmitt

  4. Faculty of Geosciences and Marum–Center for Marine Environmental Science, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany

    F. Lucassen

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  1. C. B. Jofré
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  2. P. J. Caffe
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  3. R. B. Trumbull
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Correspondence to C. B. Jofré.

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Jofré, C.B., Caffe, P.J., Trumbull, R.B. et al. Petrogenesis of peraluminous magmas in the Central Andean backarc: the Huayra Huasi Volcanic Complex, NW Argentina. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 110, 2725–2754 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-021-02076-y

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