Abstract
This paper presents the integration of renewable energy resources into the Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of two area power system under deregulation. Area-1 includes the combination of thermal system, gas power system, aggregate Electric Vehicle (EV), and Dish-Stirling Solar Thermal system (DSTS) whereas area-2 contains thermal system, gas power system, aggregate electric vehicle, and Wind Turbine System (WTS). To achieve the realistic approach, nonlinearities such as Generation Rate Constraint (GRC), Governor Dead Band (GDB), and Boiler Dynamics (BD) are explored in proposed test system. AGC's main aim is to keep the balance between load and generation and to achieve this balance secondary frequency regulation mechanism play an important role. Therefore, a tilt proportional integral derivative controller has been used to achieve desired dynamic response of the system. A new Quasi Opposition Lion Optimization Algorithm (QOLOA) has been suggested for studied system to get the optimum values of controller and system parameters. Integral Square Error (ISE) is considered as an objective function for the optimization of the anticipated AGC mechanism. Furthermore, Hybrid Energy Storage (HES) is used to damp the oscillation of the considered AGC system. Hence, for this investigation, it consists of the hybridization of the Redox Flow Battery (RFB) and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) system. Additionally, the sensitivity analysis is also performed to evaluate the robustness of the proposed QOLOA based control scheme. The suggested control mechanism is compared with previously published work on the same platform to show the effectiveness and its superiority of presented work.
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Abbreviations
- AGC:
-
Automatic generation control
- DSTS:
-
Dish-stirling solar thermal
- WTS:
-
Wind turbine system
- EV:
-
Electric vehicle
- GRC:
-
Generation rate constraint
- GDB:
-
Governor dead band
- BD:
-
Boiler dynamics
- QOLOA:
-
Quasi opposition lion optimization algorithm
- HES:
-
Hybrid energy storage
- SLP:
-
Step load perturbation
- RLP:
-
Random load perturbation
- ES:
-
Energy storage
- BES:
-
Battery energy storage
- FES:
-
Flywheel energy storage
- CES:
-
Capacitive energy storage
- SMES:
-
Superconducting magnetic energy, storage
- RBF:
-
Redox flow battery
- UC:
-
Ultra capacitor
- GENCO:
-
Generation company
- DISCO:
-
Distribution company
- TRANSCO:
-
Transmission company
- PID:
-
Proportional integral derivative
- 2DOF:
-
Two degree of freedom
- DPM:
-
DISCO participation matrix
- FO:
-
Fraction order
- IO:
-
Integral order
- Kp :
-
Proportional constant
- Ki :
-
Integral constant
- Kd :
-
Derivative constant
- N:
-
Derivative filter
- n:
-
Tilt constant
- ub:
-
Upper limit
- lb:
-
Lower limit
- ISE:
-
Integral squared error
- IAE:
-
Integral absolute error
- ITSE:
-
Integral time-weighted squared error
- ITAE:
-
Integral time-weighted absolute error
- FOD:
-
Figure of demerit
- PSO:
-
Particle swarm optimization
- WOA:
-
Whale optimization algorithm
- TLBO:
-
Teaching learning-based optimization
- GWO:
-
Grey wolf optimization
- SOC:
-
State of charging
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Appendix
Appendix
1.1 Thermal Power System
Thermal power plant: Tg = 0.08 s; Kr = 0.5; Tr = 10 s;Tt = D 0.3 s; Ng1 = 0.8; Ng2 = 0.2/π; GRC: 10%/minute. Boiler dynamics: K1 = 0.85; K2 = 0.095; K3 = 0.92; CB = 200; TD = 0 s; TF = 10 s; KIB = 0.030; TIB = 26 s; TRB = 69 s.
\(\Delta P_{T}\) = Turbine output of thermal generator.
\(\Delta P_{{TH}}\) = Thermal generator output.
1.2 Gas Power System
X = Speed governor lead time constant = 0.6 s, Y = Speed governor lag time constant = 1 s, valve position constant = a = 1, b = 0.05 and c = 1, Fuel.
Power System = 0.23 s, TCR = combustion reaction time delay = 0.01 s, TCD = Compressor discharge volume time constant = 0.2 s.
1.3 Power System
Power system constant = KP = 120 Hz/pu,
Tie line constant = T12 = 0.0866, Ratio of power capacity of area-1 to area-2 = \(\alpha _{{12}}\) = -1, System Loading = 50%, Bi = 0.425, Hi = 5 s, Time constant of power system = Tpi = 20 s, Rth = 2.4 Hz/pu MW.
1.4 Electric Vehicle
1/Rev = 0.4167, KEV = 1, Ngv = 10,000.
1.5 Renewable Sources
Gain of wind system = KWTS = 1,
Time constant of wind system = TWTS = 1.5 s,
Gain of solar system = KDSTS = 1,
Time constant of solar TDSTS = 5 s.
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Kumar, A., Shankar, R. A Quasi Opposition Lion Optimization Algorithm for Deregulated AGC Considering Hybrid Energy Storage System. J. Electr. Eng. Technol. 16, 2995–3015 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42835-021-00835-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42835-021-00835-0