Historical Perspective3D and 4D printing: From innovation to evolution
Graphical abstract
Section snippets
Background and introduction
“3D printing is actually 2D printing over and over again”. This sentence is the best description of 3D printing technology given by Prof. J. DeSimone during the TED talk in 2017. 3D printing or the term “stereolithography” was first reported by Chuck Hull (Charles W. Hull) in 1983, although the patent was published in 1984 [1]. It has found various and numerous applications from home-scale industries like creating clothes1
Methods, technologies, and materials
There are different technologies in the 3D printers [7], and Table 1 shows the difference among the processes.
Generally, shape-memory materials, metamaterials, self-healing materials, polymers, metals, and nanocomposites can be used as feed in 3D and 4D printing processes [[9], [10], [11], [12]]. Among them, those with low strength and stiffness are suitable for 4D printing [13,14]. The materials in 4D printing must respond in real-time, respond in more than one environmental state, be
Applications
As seen in Fig. 2, based on the Scopus database, the number of documents regarding 3D and 4D printing increases. It shows that these technologies are becoming popular and more convenient.
Hence, 3D and 4D printing technologies are spreading worldwide and finding ways to replace traditional material production. The printed materials from 3D and 4D printing technologies are capable of being used in various fields, such as producing artificial organs [24], biomedical applications [25], microwave
Conclusions
In the review, we attempted to introduce 3D and 4D printing as new technologies. In most cases, they have a lower price, smaller size, and lighter weight than the other current technologies. As seen, they found their way into whether small or large industries, from manufacturing clothes in the home to producing small rockets in aerospace. They could cover some manufacturing shortages, such as inconvenience in creating complicated shapes. Regardless of broad applications of 3D and 4D printing,
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
In the end, we kindly appreciate the support we received from the Research Affairs Division of the Isfahan University of Technology (Isfahan, Iran), Iran Nanotechnology Initiative Council, and National Elite Foundation (Tehran, Iran). Also, the help of Dr. V. Behranvand, Ms. E. Azadi, and Ms. F. Sirous is appreciated.
Shadpour Mallakpour, an organic polymer chemist, graduated from the chemistry department, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, Florida, the USA, in 1984. He spent two years as a post-doc at UF. He has joined the chemistry department, Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Iran, in 1986. He held several positions, such as the chemistry department chairman and deputy of research, department of chemistry at IUT. From 1994 to 1995 he worked as a visiting professor at the University of Mainz,
References (52)
- et al.
3D printing for membrane separation, desalination and water treatment
Appl Mater Today
(2020) - et al.
Mechanical properties and shape memory effect of 4D printed cellular structure composite with a novel continuous fiber-reinforced printing path
Mater Des
(2021) - et al.
Introduction to 3D and 4D printing technology: state of the art and recent trends
- et al.
3D printing in the laboratory: maximize time and funds with customized and open-source labware
J Lab Autom
(2016) - et al.
State-of-the-art of 3D printing technology of alginate-based hydrogels—an emerging technique for industrial applications
Adv Colloid Interface Sci
(2021) - et al.
Recent advancements in 3D bioprinting technology of carboxymethyl cellulose-based hydrogels: utilization in tissue engineering
Adv Colloid Interface Sci
(2021) - et al.
Future of additive manufacturing: overview of 4D and 3D printed smart and advanced materials and their applications
Chem Eng J
(2021) - et al.
An overview on 3D printing technology: technological, materials, and applications
Procedia Manuf
(2019) - et al.
Formation of letters in the alphabet using 4D printing of composites
Mater Today Commun
(2020) - et al.
Reviewing nanoplastic toxicology: It’s an interface problem
Adv Colloid Interface Sci
(2021)
3D printer waste, a new source of nanoplastic pollutants
Environ Pollut
Roles of artificial intelligence in construction engineering and management: a critical review and future trends
Autom Constr
A review of 4D printing
Mater Des
4D printing technology: a review
3D Print Addit Manuf
Polymers for additive manufacturing and 4D-printing: materials, methodologies, and biomedical applications
Prog Polym Sci
4D printed electro-induced continuous carbon fiber reinforced shape memory polymer composites with excellent bending resistance
Compos Part B Eng
Advances of 3D graphene and its composites in the field of microwave absorption
Adv Colloid Interface Sci
4D printing soft robotics for biomedical applications
Addit Manuf
Design and applications of protein delivery systems in nanomedicine and tissue engineering
Adv Colloid Interface Sci
A new era of water treatment technologies: 3D printing for membranes
J Ind Eng Chem
4D printing of lotus root powder gel: color change induced by microwave
Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol
Multimaterial direct 4D printing of high stiffness structures with large bending curvature
Extreme Mech Lett
Bioprintable tough hydrogels for tissue engineering applications
Adv Colloid Interface Sci
Recyclable thermosetting polymers for digital light processing 3D printing
Mater Des
Application of gum polysaccharide nanocomposites in the removal of industrial organic and inorganic pollutants
Green and plant-based adsorbent from tragacanth gum and carboxyl-functionalized carbon nanotube hydrogel bionanocomposite for the super removal of methylene blue dye
Int J Biol Macromol
Cited by (49)
3D printing of magneto-active smart materials for advanced actuators and soft robotics applications
2024, European Polymer JournalAdvanced function, design and application of skin substitutes for skin regeneration
2024, Materials Today BioSustainable Robotic Joints 4D Printing with Variable Stiffness Using Reinforcement Learning
2024, Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing3D printing facades: Design, fabrication, and assessment methods
2023, Automation in ConstructionAssessment of the mechanical properties of PC/ABS blends for functional prototyping by FFF 3D printing
2024, Rapid Prototyping Journal
Shadpour Mallakpour, an organic polymer chemist, graduated from the chemistry department, University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, Florida, the USA, in 1984. He spent two years as a post-doc at UF. He has joined the chemistry department, Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), Iran, in 1986. He held several positions, such as the chemistry department chairman and deputy of research, department of chemistry at IUT. From 1994 to 1995 he worked as a visiting professor at the University of Mainz, Germany, and from 2003 to 2004 as a visiting professor, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA. He has published more than 880 journal papers and more than 400 conference papers and has more than 30 items of awards. The most important award to him was given for the selection of the first laureate on fundamental research at the 21st Khwarizmi International Award in 2008. He has been listed as the Top 1% Scientists in Chemistry in ISI Essential Science Indicators Since 2003. He also was listed as the Top 2% Scientists in the polymer in 2020. He was selected as an academic guest of the 59th Meeting of Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry, 2009, at Lindau, Germany. He presented many lectures as an invited or keynoted speaker in different national and international conferences or universities. He was a member of organizing and scientific committees for many national and international conferences. He was also the chairperson of many national and international meetings. He has focused on the preparation and characterization of polymer-based nanocomposites to be used as bioactive materials and adsorbents, and photocatalyst for remediation technology in recent years.
Farbod Tabesh, Ph.D., gained his B.Sc. in Applied Chemistry in 2012 from Karaj Islamic Azad University (KIAU), Karaj, I. R. Iran. In 2014 he got his M.Sc. in Organic Chemistry under Dr. G. Bagheri Marandi's supervision from KIAU. His Ph.D. in Organic-Polymer Chemistry was given to him in 2019 under the supervision of Prof. S. Mallakpour. His research areas are natural hydrogel bionanocomposites, natural polymers, synthetic polymers, adsorbents, water remediation, nanomaterials, nanotechnology, green synthesis of nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, and green chemistry.
Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Ph.D., is an Adjunct Professor, Academic Advisor, and Director of Chemistry & EVSc Labs in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, USA. His research is focused on the applications of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Environmental Management, Analytical Chemistry, and Various Industries. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals and a prolific author and editor of several scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas published with Elsevier, Royal Society of Chemistry, John Wiley & sons, CRC, Springer, etc.