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Monitoring of As, Cd, Cr, and Pb in Groundwater of Mexico’s Agriculture Mocorito River Aquifer: Implications for Risks to Human Health

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Abstract

Groundwater from the Mocorito River aquifer in Mexico has been historically employed for both human consumption and irrigation of its overlaying agriculture fields. The aim of this research was to investigate the levels and distribution of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the aquifer to determine their sources and to assess their potential health risks. Groundwater samples were collected from wells at eighteen sites in two climatic seasons. In the dry season, mean dissolved concentrations (µg L−1) of As, Pb, Cd, and Cr were 3.19, 0.05, 0.02, and 0.15, respectively, and their total (unfiltered) concentrations were 4.10, 0.47, 0.05, and 0.52, respectively. While in the rainy season, their dissolved concentrations were 4.60, 0.03, 0.01, and 0.06, respectively, and their total concentrations were 5.58, 0.25, 0.01, and 0.12, respectively. On average, concentrations of the four PTEs were below national and international guidelines for drinking water. Concentrations of As exceeded the WHO (2007) guidelines (10 µg L−1) at three sites and had yielded relatively high values of both chronic daily intake and hazard quotient. Lifetime cancer risk for As indicated the probability for developing this disease of 1 in 10, 000 inhabitants. Pearson’s correlation and principal component analysis (PCA-Varimax) were carried out. According to these, all the PTE concentrations were mainly derived from natural lithogenic sources. Arsenic concentrations constitute potential human health concerns for both direct consumption and its bioaccumulation in local crops. Finally, due to high As concentrations in some sites in the aquifer, the implementation of a sustainable groundwater management plan in the MORCA, that include a monitoring of PTE levels, is recommended.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Sharon Hibdon† and Rob Frank of the University of California at Santa Cruz, for their support in the treatment, processing, and chemical analysis in the ICP-MS. In addition, they extend their appreciation to Francisco Montes of the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) in Guamuchil, Sinaloa, and to Alejandra Trejo Alduenda, Nuria Alonso, and Hernán Quiroga for their invaluable support during the fieldwork.

Funding

This research was supported by the Programa de Apoyo para la Superación del Personal Académico (PASPA) and Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (PAPPIT-IN107813) of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. J. R. Rivera-Hernández and L. Pelling-Salazar had doctorate and master scholarship, respectively, from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar Y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México

    José R. Rivera-Hernández & Lawren E. Pelling-Salazar

  2. Unidad Académica de Ingeniería en Tecnología Ambiental, Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa, Km 3. Carretera Municipal Libre Mazatlán Higueras, 82199, Mazatlán, Sin., México

    José R. Rivera-Hernández

  3. Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar Y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Joel Montes Camarena S/N, Col. Playa Sur, 82040, Mazatlán, Sin., México

    Carlos R. Green-Ruiz

  4. WIGS Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology, University of California At Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA

    A. Russell Flegal

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  1. José R. Rivera-Hernández
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  2. Carlos R. Green-Ruiz
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  3. Lawren E. Pelling-Salazar
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  4. A. Russell Flegal
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Correspondence to Carlos R. Green-Ruiz.

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Rivera-Hernández, J.R., Green-Ruiz, C.R., Pelling-Salazar, L.E. et al. Monitoring of As, Cd, Cr, and Pb in Groundwater of Mexico’s Agriculture Mocorito River Aquifer: Implications for Risks to Human Health. Water Air Soil Pollut 232, 291 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05238-5

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