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Business Co-operatives in Australia: “Unlikely Soil for a Co-operative Movement”

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2021

Greg Patmore Open the ORCID record for Greg Patmore [Opens in a new window] ,
Nikola Balnave  and
Olivera Marjanovic
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Abstract

While co-operatives are traditionally associated with workers, consumers, and farmers, the business model, with its emphasis on democracy and community, has also been adopted by small business owners, the self-employed, and professionals. These business co-operatives are distinct phenomenon, because they primarily consist of independent organizational entities that are not co-operatives and are generally in direct competition with one another. They are unique in that they bring together separate organizations that seek to combat market threats while adopting a philosophy based on co-operative principles. This article begins with an overview of the Australian co-operative landscape. It then defines the concept of business co-operatives and then draws upon the Visual Atlas of Australian Co-operatives History Project, which has developed a large database of Australian co-operatives over time and space, to examine the development of business co-operatives in Australia. It looks at where business co-operatives formed in the economy, the motivation underlying their formation, their average life spans, and their relationships with the broader co-operative movement. The article highlights the value of business co-operatives in introducing the values of participatory democracy and working for the common good into unanticipated markets and reinforcing the co-operative movement.

Keywords

Business Co-operativesretailingowner-driversprofessionals
Type
Article
Information
Enterprise & Society , Volume 24 , Issue 1 , March 2023 , pp. 149 - 173
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved

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References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Amery, Charles. First 30. Capricorn Society Ltd. Victoria Park, WA, Australia: Capricorn Society, 2004.Google Scholar
Baskerville, Bruce. Let Our Co-operative Spirit Stand. A Centenary History of Resilience and Adaptation of the Co-operative Federation of Western Australia 1919–2019. Crawley, WA, Australia: University of Western Australia.Google Scholar
Birchall, Johnston. People-centred Businesses. Co-operatives, Mutuals and the Idea of Membership. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bray, Mark, and Rimmer, Malcolm. Delivering the Goods. A History of the NSW Transport Workers Union 1888–1986. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1987.Google Scholar
Broome, Richard. Aboriginal Australians. A History Since 1788, 4th ed. Crows Nest, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2010.Google Scholar
Butlin, Noel. Investment in Australian Economic Development 1861–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964.Google Scholar
Curl, John. For All the People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Co-operation, Co-operative Movements, and Communalism in America, 2nd ed. Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Ford, Trevor, Daniels, Jeff, and Turner, Rada. The Master Butchers Co-operative. Our First 100 Years 1905–2005, Kilburn, SA, Australia: Master Butchers Co-operative, 2005.Google Scholar
Hansmann, Henry. The Ownership of the Enterprise. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Harper, Ena. Forward Hand in Hand. Plumbers Supplies Co-operative Limited 1950–1987. Ashfield, NSW, Australia: Plumbers Supplies Co-operative, 1989.Google Scholar
IYC [International Year of Co-operatives] 2012 Secretariat Ltd. Building a Better Australia. 50+ Stories of Co-operation . Sydney: IYC 2012 Secretariat, 2012.Google Scholar
Lewis, Gary. A Middle Way. Rochdale Co-operatives in New South Wales 1859–1986. Sydney: Australian Association of Co-operatives, 1992.Google Scholar
Lewis, Gary. People Before Profit. The Credit Union Movement in Australia. Kent Town, SA, Australia: Wakefield Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Lewis, Gary. The Democracy Principle. Farmer Co-operatives in Twentieth Century Australia. Wamboin: author, 2006.Google Scholar
Mayo, Ed, ed. The Co-operative Advantage. Innovation, Co-operation and Why Sharing Business Ownership Is Good for Britain. Manchester: Co-operatives UK, 2015.Google Scholar
Murray, James. The Woolworths Way. A Great Australian Success Story 1924–1999. Edgecliffe, NSW, Australia: Focus Publishing, 1999.Google Scholar
Patmore, Greg, and Balnave, Nikola. A Global History of Co-operative Business. New York: Routledge, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaffer, Jack. Historical Dictionary of the Co-operative Movement. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Spearritt, Peter. Sydney’s Century: A History. Sydney: UNSW Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Thompson, Peter. Westfarmers 100. The People’s Story 1914–2014. Perth: Westfarmers, 2014.Google Scholar
Warbasse, James. What Is Co-operation? New York: Vanguard, 1927.Google Scholar
Wilson, John, Webster, Anthony, and Vorberg-Rugh, Rachael. Building Co-operation. A Business History of the Co-operative Group, 1863–2013, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Albanese, Marina, and Jensen, Anthony. “Worker Co-operatives in Australia and Italy.” In Cooperative Enterprises in Australia and Italy. Comparative Analysis and Theoretical Insights, edited by Jensen, Anthony, Patmore, Greg, and Tortia, Ermanno, 89–112. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Balnave, Nikola, and Patmore, Greg. “Marketing Community and Democracy: Rural Rochdale Co-operatives in Australia.” Consumption Markets & Culture 13 (March 2010): 61–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balnave, Nikola, and Patmore, Greg. “Rochdale Consumer Co-operatives in Australia: Decline and Survival.” Business History 54 (2012): 986–1003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balnave, Nikola, and Patmore, Greg. “The Outsider Consumer Co-operative: Lessons from the Community Co-operative Store (Nuriootpa), 1944–2010.” Business History 57 (2015): 1133–1154.Google Scholar
Balnave, Nikola, and Patmore, Greg. “Rochdale Consumer Co-operatives in Australia and New Zealand.” In A Global History of Consumer Co-operation Since 1850: Movements and Businesses, edited by Hilson, Mary, Neunsinger, Silke, and Patmore, Greg, 456–480. Leiden: Brill, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Battilani, Patrizia, and Schröter, Harm. “Demutualization and Its Problems.” In The Co-operative Business Movement, 1950 to the Present, edited by Battilani, Patrizia and Schröter, Harm, 150–171. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birchall, Johnston. “A ‘Member-Owned Business’ Approach to the Classification of Co-operatives and Mutuals.” Journal of Co-operative Studies 44 (2011): 4–15.Google Scholar
Business Council of Co-operatives and Mutuals. 2018 BCCM Leaders’ Summit and Industry Dinner Program . 14–15 November 2018, Adelaide, South Australia. Sydney: Business Council of Co-operatives and Mutuals, 2018.Google Scholar
Business Council of Co-operatives and Mutuals. National Mutual Economy Report. Incorporating the Top 100. Sydney: Business Council of Co-operatives and Mutuals, 2019.Google Scholar
Capricorn Society Ltd. Capricorn Annual Report 2014. Victoria Park, WA, Australia: Capricorn Society, 2014.Google Scholar
Catturani, Ivana, and Cutcher, Leanne. “Financial Co-operatives in Australia and Italy.” In Cooperative Enterprises in Australia and Italy. Comparative Analysis and Theoretical Insights, edited by Jensen, Anthony, Patmore, Greg, and Tortia, Ermanno, 76–88. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Chaddad, Fernando, and Cook, Michael. “The Economics of Organization Structure Changes: A US Perspective on Demutualization.” Annals of Public and Co-operative Economics 75 (2004): 575–594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Commonwealth of Australia, Senate, Economics References Committee. Co-operative, Mutual and Member-owned Firms. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2016.Google Scholar
Cook, Michael. “The Future of US Agricultural Co-operatives: A Neo-Institutional Approach.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 77 (1995): 1153–1159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Entwisle, Eileen. The Jubilee Co-operative Handbook of NSW. Sydney: Co-operative Institute, 1952.Google Scholar
Fulop, Christina, and Forward, Jim. “Insights into Franchising: A Review of Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives.” Service Industries Journal 17, no. 4 (1997): 603–625.Google Scholar
Göler von Ravensburg, Nicole. Enterprise Future Lies in Co-operation—Entrepreneur Co-operatives in Africa. Geneva: ILO, 2009.Google Scholar
Hansmann, Henry. “The Role of the Non-profit Enterprise.” Yale Law Journal 89 (1980): 835–901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helmberger, Peter. “Future Roles for Agricultural Co-operatives.” Journal of Farm Economics 48 (1966): 1427–1435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilson, Mary. “Co-operative History: Movements and Businesses.” In A Global History of Consumer Co-operation Since 1850: Movements and Businesses, edited by Hilson, Mary, Neunsinger, Silke, and Patmore, Greg, 17–48. Leiden: Brill, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hind, Abigail. “Co-operative Life Cycles and Goals.” Journal of Agricultural Economics 50 (1999): 536–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holyoake, George. Self-Help by the People: The History of the Rochdale Pioneers. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal NSW. Review of Registered Clubs Industry in NSW. Sydney: Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal NSW, 2007.Google Scholar
Miller, Dale. “Retailing in Australia and New Zealand.” In The Routledge Companion to the History of Retailing, edited by Stobart, John and Howard, Vicki, 413–428. London: Routledge, 2019.Google Scholar
NSW Ministerial Council on the Future Directions for Co-operatives. Co-ops in New South Wales. A Guide to Who They Are, What They Do, Their Products and Services. Sydney: NSW Ministerial Council on the Future Directions for Co-operatives, 1987.Google Scholar
NSW Registry of Co-operatives. Annual Report 1930. Sydney: NSW Registry of Co-operatives, 1930.Google Scholar
NSW Registry of Co-operatives. Annual Report 1936. Sydney: NSW Registry of Co-operatives, 1936.Google Scholar
NSW Registry of Co-operatives. Australian Co-operatives May 1995. Bankstown, NSW, Australia: NSW Registry of Co-operatives, 1995.Google Scholar
NSW Registry of Co-operatives. Co-operatives in New South Wales, Address Listing of Active Co-operatives . May 1993. Bankstown, NSW, Australia: NSW Registry of Co-operatives, 1993.Google Scholar
O’Connor, Frank. “Communicating with Our Australia-wide Membership.” In Co-operatives. Meeting the Challenge of Competition, edited by NSW Registry of Co-operatives, 126–129. Bankstown NSW, Australia: NSW Registry of Co-operatives, 1994.Google Scholar
Patmore, Greg. “Different Types of Societal Regulation—Coordinated Market Economy, Social Democracy, Aspiration of Worker Control.” In Handbook of the Politics of Labour, Work and Employment, edited by Gall, Gregor, 127–143. Cheltenham, UK: Elgar, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patmore, Greg, Balnave, Nikola, and Marjanovic, Olivera. “Visualising Organisations over Time and Space: The Visual Atlas of Australian Co-operatives.” In Contemporary Issues in Work and Organisations, edited by Lansbury, Russell, Johnson, Anja, and van den Broek, Diane, 143–155. London: Routledge, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patmore, Greg, and Coates, David. “Labour Parties and the State in Australia and the UK.” Labour History 88 (2005): 121–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pessämaa, O., Pieper, T., das Silva, R. Vinhas, Black, W. C., and Hair, J. F.. “Trust and Reciprocity in Building Inter-personal and Interorganizational Commitment in Small Business Co-operatives.” Journal Co-operative Organisation and Management 20 (June 2013): 81–89 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plumbers Supplies Co-operative Ltd., Annual Report 2018–2019. Auburn, NSW, Australia: Plumbers Supplies Co-operative, 2019.Google Scholar
Victoria, Ministerial Advisory Committee on Co-operation. The Co-operative Way. Victoria’s Third Sector. Melbourne: Victorian Ministry of Housing, 1986.Google Scholar
Victorian Registrar of Co-operative Societies. Annual Report 1986. Melbourne: Government Printer, 1987.Google Scholar
Withers, Glen, Endres, Anthony, and Perry, T.. “Labour.” In Australians. Historical Statistics, edited by Vamplew, Wray, 148. Broadway, Sydney: Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates, 1987.Google Scholar
Architeam Co-operative. “About Us,” accessed June 1, 2020, www.architeam.net.au/about-architeam/about-us.Google Scholar
CFNSW [Co-operative Federation of NSW]. “Members,” March 25, 2012, accessed June 10, 2020, https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20120324162047/www.coopsnsw.org.au/members.html.Google Scholar
ICA Asia Pacific. “Capricorn Society Ltd,” accessed June 10, 2020, https://icaap.coop/AboutUs/capricon-society-ltd.Google Scholar
Klinger, Peter. “Battle of the Bottleshop. Giants Put Pressure on Small Shops—Where the Power Lies.” West Australian, August 4, 2001, accessed May 21, 2020, https://global-factiva-com.ezproxy1.library.usyd.edu.au/ha/default.aspx#./!?&_suid=159004972874106046958347644394.Google Scholar
MBL Food Services. “About Us,” accessed May 14, 2020, www.mbl.com.au/about-us.html. Google Scholar
Powell, Dominic. “‘Not Trying to Take Over Metcash’: Independent Grocers Form Retail Co-op.” Sydney Morning Herald, January 29, 2020, accessed June 10, 2020, www.smh.com.au/business/companies/not-trying-to-take-over-metcash-independent-grocers-form-retail-co-op-20200129-p53vnn.html.Google Scholar
NSW Government, Fair Trading. “List of Co-operatives in NSW,” accessed February 20, 2020, www.fairtrading.nsw.gov.au/associations-and-co-operatives/co-operatives/list-of-co-operatives-in-nsw.Google Scholar
Business Review Weekly (Melbourne, Australia)Google Scholar
Co-operatives WA News (South Perth, Australia)Google Scholar
Courier Mail (Brisbane, Australia)Google Scholar
Daily Telegraph (Sydney, Australia)Google Scholar
Dubbo Dispatch and Wellington Independent (Dubbo, Australia)Google Scholar
The Empire (Sydney, Australia)Google Scholar
Newcastle Chronicle and Hunter River District News (Newcastle, Australia)Google Scholar
New South Wales Government Gazette (Sydney, Australia)Google Scholar
Queensland Times (Ipswich)Google Scholar
The Register (Adelaide, Australia)Google Scholar
The Sun (Sydney, Australia)Google Scholar
Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)Google Scholar
Victorian Co-operative News (Blampied, Australia)Google Scholar
Warwick Daily News (Warwick, Australia)Google Scholar
The West Australian (Perth, Australia)Google Scholar
West Australian Government Gazette (Perth, Australia)Google Scholar
Western Australia Co-operative News (Burswood, Australia)Google Scholar
Chambers Research Collection, University of Sydney Business School, Sydney, AustraliaGoogle Scholar
State Library of South Australia, Adelaide, AustraliaGoogle Scholar
State Records Authority of New South Wales, Kingswood, NSW, Australia (SRANSW)Google Scholar
State Records of South Australia, Gepps Crossing, SA, AustraliaGoogle Scholar
Amery, Charles. First 30. Capricorn Society Ltd. Victoria Park, WA, Australia: Capricorn Society, 2004.Google Scholar
Baskerville, Bruce. Let Our Co-operative Spirit Stand. A Centenary History of Resilience and Adaptation of the Co-operative Federation of Western Australia 1919–2019. Crawley, WA, Australia: University of Western Australia.Google Scholar
Birchall, Johnston. People-centred Businesses. Co-operatives, Mutuals and the Idea of Membership. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bray, Mark, and Rimmer, Malcolm. Delivering the Goods. A History of the NSW Transport Workers Union 1888–1986. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1987.Google Scholar
Broome, Richard. Aboriginal Australians. A History Since 1788, 4th ed. Crows Nest, Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2010.Google Scholar
Butlin, Noel. Investment in Australian Economic Development 1861–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964.Google Scholar
Curl, John. For All the People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Co-operation, Co-operative Movements, and Communalism in America, 2nd ed. Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Ford, Trevor, Daniels, Jeff, and Turner, Rada. The Master Butchers Co-operative. Our First 100 Years 1905–2005, Kilburn, SA, Australia: Master Butchers Co-operative, 2005.Google Scholar
Hansmann, Henry. The Ownership of the Enterprise. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Harper, Ena. Forward Hand in Hand. Plumbers Supplies Co-operative Limited 1950–1987. Ashfield, NSW, Australia: Plumbers Supplies Co-operative, 1989.Google Scholar
IYC [International Year of Co-operatives] 2012 Secretariat Ltd. Building a Better Australia. 50+ Stories of Co-operation . Sydney: IYC 2012 Secretariat, 2012.Google Scholar
Lewis, Gary. A Middle Way. Rochdale Co-operatives in New South Wales 1859–1986. Sydney: Australian Association of Co-operatives, 1992.Google Scholar
Lewis, Gary. People Before Profit. The Credit Union Movement in Australia. Kent Town, SA, Australia: Wakefield Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Lewis, Gary. The Democracy Principle. Farmer Co-operatives in Twentieth Century Australia. Wamboin: author, 2006.Google Scholar
Mayo, Ed, ed. The Co-operative Advantage. Innovation, Co-operation and Why Sharing Business Ownership Is Good for Britain. Manchester: Co-operatives UK, 2015.Google Scholar
Murray, James. The Woolworths Way. A Great Australian Success Story 1924–1999. Edgecliffe, NSW, Australia: Focus Publishing, 1999.Google Scholar
Patmore, Greg, and Balnave, Nikola. A Global History of Co-operative Business. New York: Routledge, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaffer, Jack. Historical Dictionary of the Co-operative Movement. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Spearritt, Peter. Sydney’s Century: A History. Sydney: UNSW Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Thompson, Peter. Westfarmers 100. The People’s Story 1914–2014. Perth: Westfarmers, 2014.Google Scholar
Warbasse, James. What Is Co-operation? New York: Vanguard, 1927.Google Scholar
Wilson, John, Webster, Anthony, and Vorberg-Rugh, Rachael. Building Co-operation. A Business History of the Co-operative Group, 1863–2013, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Albanese, Marina, and Jensen, Anthony. “Worker Co-operatives in Australia and Italy.” In Cooperative Enterprises in Australia and Italy. Comparative Analysis and Theoretical Insights, edited by Jensen, Anthony, Patmore, Greg, and Tortia, Ermanno, 89–112. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Balnave, Nikola, and Patmore, Greg. “Marketing Community and Democracy: Rural Rochdale Co-operatives in Australia.” Consumption Markets & Culture 13 (March 2010): 61–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balnave, Nikola, and Patmore, Greg. “Rochdale Consumer Co-operatives in Australia: Decline and Survival.” Business History 54 (2012): 986–1003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balnave, Nikola, and Patmore, Greg. “The Outsider Consumer Co-operative: Lessons from the Community Co-operative Store (Nuriootpa), 1944–2010.” Business History 57 (2015): 1133–1154.Google Scholar
Balnave, Nikola, and Patmore, Greg. “Rochdale Consumer Co-operatives in Australia and New Zealand.” In A Global History of Consumer Co-operation Since 1850: Movements and Businesses, edited by Hilson, Mary, Neunsinger, Silke, and Patmore, Greg, 456–480. Leiden: Brill, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Battilani, Patrizia, and Schröter, Harm. “Demutualization and Its Problems.” In The Co-operative Business Movement, 1950 to the Present, edited by Battilani, Patrizia and Schröter, Harm, 150–171. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birchall, Johnston. “A ‘Member-Owned Business’ Approach to the Classification of Co-operatives and Mutuals.” Journal of Co-operative Studies 44 (2011): 4–15.Google Scholar
Business Council of Co-operatives and Mutuals. 2018 BCCM Leaders’ Summit and Industry Dinner Program . 14–15 November 2018, Adelaide, South Australia. Sydney: Business Council of Co-operatives and Mutuals, 2018.Google Scholar
Business Council of Co-operatives and Mutuals. National Mutual Economy Report. Incorporating the Top 100. Sydney: Business Council of Co-operatives and Mutuals, 2019.Google Scholar
Capricorn Society Ltd. Capricorn Annual Report 2014. Victoria Park, WA, Australia: Capricorn Society, 2014.Google Scholar
Catturani, Ivana, and Cutcher, Leanne. “Financial Co-operatives in Australia and Italy.” In Cooperative Enterprises in Australia and Italy. Comparative Analysis and Theoretical Insights, edited by Jensen, Anthony, Patmore, Greg, and Tortia, Ermanno, 76–88. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Chaddad, Fernando, and Cook, Michael. “The Economics of Organization Structure Changes: A US Perspective on Demutualization.” Annals of Public and Co-operative Economics 75 (2004): 575–594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Commonwealth of Australia, Senate, Economics References Committee. Co-operative, Mutual and Member-owned Firms. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2016.Google Scholar
Cook, Michael. “The Future of US Agricultural Co-operatives: A Neo-Institutional Approach.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 77 (1995): 1153–1159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Entwisle, Eileen. The Jubilee Co-operative Handbook of NSW. Sydney: Co-operative Institute, 1952.Google Scholar
Fulop, Christina, and Forward, Jim. “Insights into Franchising: A Review of Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives.” Service Industries Journal 17, no. 4 (1997): 603–625.Google Scholar
Göler von Ravensburg, Nicole. Enterprise Future Lies in Co-operation—Entrepreneur Co-operatives in Africa. Geneva: ILO, 2009.Google Scholar
Hansmann, Henry. “The Role of the Non-profit Enterprise.” Yale Law Journal 89 (1980): 835–901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helmberger, Peter. “Future Roles for Agricultural Co-operatives.” Journal of Farm Economics 48 (1966): 1427–1435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilson, Mary. “Co-operative History: Movements and Businesses.” In A Global History of Consumer Co-operation Since 1850: Movements and Businesses, edited by Hilson, Mary, Neunsinger, Silke, and Patmore, Greg, 17–48. Leiden: Brill, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hind, Abigail. “Co-operative Life Cycles and Goals.” Journal of Agricultural Economics 50 (1999): 536–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holyoake, George. Self-Help by the People: The History of the Rochdale Pioneers. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal NSW. Review of Registered Clubs Industry in NSW. Sydney: Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal NSW, 2007.Google Scholar
Miller, Dale. “Retailing in Australia and New Zealand.” In The Routledge Companion to the History of Retailing, edited by Stobart, John and Howard, Vicki, 413–428. London: Routledge, 2019.Google Scholar
NSW Ministerial Council on the Future Directions for Co-operatives. Co-ops in New South Wales. A Guide to Who They Are, What They Do, Their Products and Services. Sydney: NSW Ministerial Council on the Future Directions for Co-operatives, 1987.Google Scholar
NSW Registry of Co-operatives. Annual Report 1930. Sydney: NSW Registry of Co-operatives, 1930.Google Scholar
NSW Registry of Co-operatives. Annual Report 1936. Sydney: NSW Registry of Co-operatives, 1936.Google Scholar
NSW Registry of Co-operatives. Australian Co-operatives May 1995. Bankstown, NSW, Australia: NSW Registry of Co-operatives, 1995.Google Scholar
NSW Registry of Co-operatives. Co-operatives in New South Wales, Address Listing of Active Co-operatives . May 1993. Bankstown, NSW, Australia: NSW Registry of Co-operatives, 1993.Google Scholar
O’Connor, Frank. “Communicating with Our Australia-wide Membership.” In Co-operatives. Meeting the Challenge of Competition, edited by NSW Registry of Co-operatives, 126–129. Bankstown NSW, Australia: NSW Registry of Co-operatives, 1994.Google Scholar
Patmore, Greg. “Different Types of Societal Regulation—Coordinated Market Economy, Social Democracy, Aspiration of Worker Control.” In Handbook of the Politics of Labour, Work and Employment, edited by Gall, Gregor, 127–143. Cheltenham, UK: Elgar, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patmore, Greg, Balnave, Nikola, and Marjanovic, Olivera. “Visualising Organisations over Time and Space: The Visual Atlas of Australian Co-operatives.” In Contemporary Issues in Work and Organisations, edited by Lansbury, Russell, Johnson, Anja, and van den Broek, Diane, 143–155. London: Routledge, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patmore, Greg, and Coates, David. “Labour Parties and the State in Australia and the UK.” Labour History 88 (2005): 121–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pessämaa, O., Pieper, T., das Silva, R. Vinhas, Black, W. C., and Hair, J. F.. “Trust and Reciprocity in Building Inter-personal and Interorganizational Commitment in Small Business Co-operatives.” Journal Co-operative Organisation and Management 20 (June 2013): 81–89 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plumbers Supplies Co-operative Ltd., Annual Report 2018–2019. Auburn, NSW, Australia: Plumbers Supplies Co-operative, 2019.Google Scholar
Victoria, Ministerial Advisory Committee on Co-operation. The Co-operative Way. Victoria’s Third Sector. Melbourne: Victorian Ministry of Housing, 1986.Google Scholar
Victorian Registrar of Co-operative Societies. Annual Report 1986. Melbourne: Government Printer, 1987.Google Scholar
Withers, Glen, Endres, Anthony, and Perry, T.. “Labour.” In Australians. Historical Statistics, edited by Vamplew, Wray, 148. Broadway, Sydney: Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates, 1987.Google Scholar
Architeam Co-operative. “About Us,” accessed June 1, 2020, www.architeam.net.au/about-architeam/about-us.Google Scholar
CFNSW [Co-operative Federation of NSW]. “Members,” March 25, 2012, accessed June 10, 2020, https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20120324162047/www.coopsnsw.org.au/members.html.Google Scholar
ICA Asia Pacific. “Capricorn Society Ltd,” accessed June 10, 2020, https://icaap.coop/AboutUs/capricon-society-ltd.Google Scholar
Klinger, Peter. “Battle of the Bottleshop. Giants Put Pressure on Small Shops—Where the Power Lies.” West Australian, August 4, 2001, accessed May 21, 2020, https://global-factiva-com.ezproxy1.library.usyd.edu.au/ha/default.aspx#./!?&_suid=159004972874106046958347644394.Google Scholar
MBL Food Services. “About Us,” accessed May 14, 2020, www.mbl.com.au/about-us.html. Google Scholar
Powell, Dominic. “‘Not Trying to Take Over Metcash’: Independent Grocers Form Retail Co-op.” Sydney Morning Herald, January 29, 2020, accessed June 10, 2020, www.smh.com.au/business/companies/not-trying-to-take-over-metcash-independent-grocers-form-retail-co-op-20200129-p53vnn.html.Google Scholar
NSW Government, Fair Trading. “List of Co-operatives in NSW,” accessed February 20, 2020, www.fairtrading.nsw.gov.au/associations-and-co-operatives/co-operatives/list-of-co-operatives-in-nsw.Google Scholar
Business Review Weekly (Melbourne, Australia)Google Scholar
Co-operatives WA News (South Perth, Australia)Google Scholar
Courier Mail (Brisbane, Australia)Google Scholar
Daily Telegraph (Sydney, Australia)Google Scholar
Dubbo Dispatch and Wellington Independent (Dubbo, Australia)Google Scholar
The Empire (Sydney, Australia)Google Scholar
Newcastle Chronicle and Hunter River District News (Newcastle, Australia)Google Scholar
New South Wales Government Gazette (Sydney, Australia)Google Scholar
Queensland Times (Ipswich)Google Scholar
The Register (Adelaide, Australia)Google Scholar
The Sun (Sydney, Australia)Google Scholar
Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)Google Scholar
Victorian Co-operative News (Blampied, Australia)Google Scholar
Warwick Daily News (Warwick, Australia)Google Scholar
The West Australian (Perth, Australia)Google Scholar
West Australian Government Gazette (Perth, Australia)Google Scholar
Western Australia Co-operative News (Burswood, Australia)Google Scholar
Chambers Research Collection, University of Sydney Business School, Sydney, AustraliaGoogle Scholar
State Library of South Australia, Adelaide, AustraliaGoogle Scholar
State Records Authority of New South Wales, Kingswood, NSW, Australia (SRANSW)Google Scholar
State Records of South Australia, Gepps Crossing, SA, AustraliaGoogle Scholar