Abstract
Context
Black bear connectivity studies are scarce in the southern distribution where the species is endangered. The identification of corridors is a strategy to promote conservation in human-modified landscapes.
Objectives
Assess and validate long-distance corridors in the southern black bear distribution using resistance models, occurrence records, and radio-telemetry of an individual that dispersed between the Sierras Madres of Mexico.
Methods
We acquired black bear occurrence records from several sources and telemetry records from one dispersal individual in northern Mexico. We generated ensemble habitat suitability models and resistance landscape surfaces to generate cumulative resistant kernel and least-cost paths to identify connectivity core areas and corridors of importance through Natural Protected Areas. Finally, we assessed long-distance corridors.
Results
We developed three habitat suitability models for black bears southern range; one matches the current distribution of the species. When including radio-tracking records, the landscape resistance is reduced to arid sites with low habitat suitability. We used least resistance connectivity surfaces to merge subpopulations within each Sierra Madre. The long-distance corridor models indicate narrow routes that require individuals with plastic behavioral dispersal capacity. Almost 20% of the connectivity core areas are within Natural Protected Areas. These are the first large-scale corridors using resistance layers in the southern black bear distribution.
Conclusions
Corridors can be functional for a range of temperate and dry habitat species. Landscape connectivity models should include the monitoring of dispersal individuals to identify the plasticity of organisms and the tangible barriers for them.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro (UAQ) and the Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP) through “Programa de Conservación de Especies en Riesgo” (PROCER, 2013-2018) and “Programa de Manejo de Áreas Naturales Protegidas” (PROMANP, 2017-2018), that provided the financial and logistic support for the field work. We thank the staff of following Natural Protected Areas for their logistic support during field surveys: Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Bavispe, Reserva de la Biósfera Janos, Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Campo Verde, Parque Nacional Cumbres de Majalca, Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Papigochic, Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Tutuaca, Parque Nacional Cascadas de Bassaseachi, Región Prioritaria para la Conservación Sierra Tarahumara, and Reserva de la Biósfera La Michilía, as well as all owners of private land and ejidos, and the Cuenca Los Ojos Foundation. For the support in the collection of records, we thank to Socorro Tafoya, Daniela Gutiérrez García, Christian Aguilar, Carmen García, Mario Astorga, and Asdrubal Leal. Ruffod Small Grants Foundation supported fieldwork for JLPM in the northern Sierra Madre Oriental. NELD (336794), HCA (336760) and MEEF (464614) received a scholarship from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) for their Dr. Sc. at UAQ. The contribution of HCA was supported by PAPIIT IV200117/AV200117. We are very grateful to Juan Pablo Béjar Gutiérrez for his advice using Python and UNICOR. We thank Dr. Erin L. Landguth for her assistance with UNICOR interpretation. We thank Robert Wallace Jones and Roberto A. Wolf Webels for reviewing the grammatical structure of the manuscript. We thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their suggestion to improve the manuscript.
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NELD and CAL-G performed the study conception and design, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to data collection, performed database elaboration, and portions of the GIS analysis. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript, read and approved the final manuscript.
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Lara-Díaz, N.E., Coronel-Arellano, H., Delfín-Alfonso, C.A. et al. Connecting mountains and desert valleys for black bears in northern Mexico. Landscape Ecol 36, 2811–2830 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01293-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01293-9