Abstract
The air pollution transport has a great impact on regional air quality. Here, we adopted a complex network analysis approach to characterize the transport of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region with a resolution of 27 km × 27 km. We built a network to represent PM2.5 transport in the YRD region and used a ranking algorithm to identify the important nodes in the network. We proposed two metrics to identify the important nodes: pollution output importance score (POIS) and pollution input importance score (PIIS). An improved PageRank algorithm, which includes air-mass-weight and pollution-transport-weight, was used to calculate each node’s POIS and PIIS, respectively. Both POIS and PIIS results showed that the prevailing transport pattern of PM2.5 in the YRD region is North–South. Furthermore, POIS showed that the nodes in cities of Xuzhou, Changzhou, Huzhou and Jiaxing had higher contributions to PM2.5 concentrations, while PIIS showed that the nodes in cities of Lishui, Huangshan, Anqing and south of Chizhou were the main receptor areas in the YRD region and were influenced most by the upstream pollution. This study established a complex network method for analyzing the transport pattern of regional air pollution.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Boccaletti S, Latora V, Moreno Y, Chavez M, Hwang DU (2006) Complex networks: structure and dynamics. Phys Reports-Rev Sect Phys Lett 424:175–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2005.10.009
Broomandi P, Geng XY, Guo WS, Pagani A, Topping D, Kim JR (2021) Dynamic complex network analysis of PM2.5 concentrations in the UK, using hierarchical directed graphs (V1.0.0). Sustainability 13:14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042201
Chan CK, Yao X (2008) Air pollution in mega cities in China. Atmos Environ 42:1–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.003
Cooper OR et al (2010) Increasing springtime ozone mixing ratios in the free troposphere over western North America. Nature 463:344–348. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08708
Cristelli M, Tacchella A, Pietronero L (2015) The heterogeneous dynamics of economic complexity. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117174
Cui HY, Chen WH, Dai W, Liu H, Wang XM, He KB (2015) Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Guangzhou combining observation data analysis and chemical transport model simulation. Atmos Environ 116:262–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.06.054
Ding AJ et al (2013) Ozone and fine particle in the western Yangtze River Delta: an overview of 1 yr data at the SORPES station. Atmos Chem Phys 13:5813–5830. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5813-2013
Draxler RR, Hess GD (1998) An overview of the HYSPLIT_4 modelling system for trajectories, dispersion and deposition. Aust Meteorol Mag 47:295–308
Duhan N, Sharma AK, Bhatia KK, IEEE (2009) Page Ranking Algorithms: A Survey. 2009 In: IEEE international advance computing conference, vols 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1109/iadcc.2009.4809246
Fan Q et al (2015) Process analysis of regional aerosol pollution during spring in the Pearl River Delta region, China. Atmos Environ 122:829–838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.09.013
Fu QY et al (2010) Source, long-range transport, and characteristics of a heavy dust pollution event in Shanghai. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci 115:12. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd013208
Fu X, Cheng Z, Wang SX, Hua Y, Xing J, Hao JM (2016) Local and regional contributions to fine particle pollution in winter of the Yangtze River Delta, China. Aerosol Air Qual Res 16:1067–1080. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2015.08.0496
Fu X, Wang SX, Cheng Z, Xing J, Zhao B, Wang JD, Hao JM (2014) Source, transport and impacts of a heavy dust event in the Yangtze River Delta, China, in 2011. Atmos Chem Phys 14:1239–1254. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1239-2014
Hidalgo CA, Hausmann R (2009) The building blocks of economic complexity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:10570–10575. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900943106
Horowitz LW (2006) Past, present, and future concentrations of tropospheric ozone and aerosols: methodology, ozone evaluation, and sensitivity to aerosol wet removal. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006937
Koo B, Wilson GM, Morris RE, Dunker AM, Yarwood G (2009) Comparison of source apportionment and sensitivity analysis in a particulate matter air quality model. Environ Sci Technol 43:6669–6675. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9008129
Kwok RHF, Napelenok SL, Baker KR (2013) Implementation and evaluation of PM2.5 source contribution analysis in a photochemical model. Atmos Environ 80:398–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.017
Li DP et al (2017) Identification of long-range transport pathways and potential sources of PM2.5 and PM10 in Beijing from 2014 to 2015. J Environ Sci 56:214–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.06.035
Li L et al (2016) Source apportionment of surface ozone in the Yangtze River Delta, China in the summer of 2013. Atmos Environ 144:194–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.076
Li L et al (2015a) Source apportionment of fine particles and its chemical components over the Yangtze River Delta, China during a heavy haze pollution episode. Atmos Environ 123:415–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.06.051
Li X et al (2015b) Source contributions of urban PM2.5 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region: changes between 2006 and 2013 and relative impacts of emissions and meteorology. Atmos Environ 123:229–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.048
Liao H, Mariani MS, Medo M, Zhang Y-C, Zhou M-Y (2017a) Ranking in evolving complex networks. Phys Reports-Rev Sect Phys Lett 689:1–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2017.05.001
Liao TT et al (2017b) Heavy pollution episodes, transport pathways and potential sources of PM2.5 during the winter of 2013 in Chengdu (China). Sci Total Environ 584:1056–1065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv2017.01.160
Lu XC, Fung JCH (2016) Source apportionment of sulfate and nitrate over the pearl River Delta Region in China. Atmosphere 7:13. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7080098
Mauzerall DL, Wang XP (2001) Protecting agricultural crops from the effects of tropospheric ozone exposure: Reconciling science and standard setting in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Annu Rev Energy Env 26:237–268. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.237
Medo M (2013) Network-based information filtering algorithms: Ranking and recommendation, vol 55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6729-8_16
MEE (2018) Announcement on the final assessment results of the implementation of the "Air Pollution Prevention Action Plan", 2018. Ministry of Ecology and Environment of People's Republic of China Web site. http://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk06/201806/t20180601_629733.html. Accessed May 1st 2020
MEE (2019) Ministry of Ecology and Environment Notifies the National Air Quality Status of December and January-December 2018, 2019. Ministry of Ecology and Environment of People's Republic of China Web site. http://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk15/201901/t20190107_688741.html. Accessed May 1st, 2020
MEE (2020) Ministry of Ecology and Environment Announces the National Surface Water and Ambient Air Quality Status in 2019, 2020. Ministry of Ecology and Environment of People's Republic of China Web site. http://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk15/202001/t20200123_760936.html. Accessed May 1st, 2020
Monks PS et al (2015) Tropospheric ozone and its precursors from the urban to the global scale from air quality to short-lived climate forcer. Atmos Chem Phys 15:8889–8973. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8889-2015
Nie W, Wang T, Wang W, Wei X, Liu Q (2013) Atmospheric concentrations of particulate sulfate and nitrate in Hong Kong during 1995–2008: Impact of local emission and super-regional transport. Atmos Environ 76:43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.001
Schneider CM, Moreira AA, Andrade JS, Havlin S, Herrmann HJ (2011) Mitigation of malicious attacks on networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:3838–3841. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1009440108
State-Council (2013) Notice of the State Council on Printing and Issuing the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, 2013. The State Council of People’s Republic of China Web site. http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2013-09/12/content_2486773.htm. Accessed May 1st, 2020
State-Council (2019a) China Outlines Integrated Development of Yangtze River Delta, 2019. The State Council of People's Republic of China Web site. http://english.www.gov.cn/policies/latestreleases/201912/01/content_WS5de3a5c0c6d0bcf8c4c181e2.html. Accessed May 1st, 2020
State-Council (2019b) The CPC Central Committee and the State Council printed and issued “the Outline Development Plan for Regional Integration of the Yangtze River Delta” in 2019, 2019. The State Council of People’s Republic of China Web site. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2019-12/01/content_5457442.htm?from=timeline&isappinstalled=0. Accessed May 1st, 2020
Sun JJ, Huang L, Liao H, Li JY, Hu JL (2017) Impacts of regional transport on particulate matter pollution in China: a review of methods and results. Curr Pollut Rep 3:182–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-017-0065-5
Tacchella A, Cristelli M, Caldarelli G, Gabrielli A, Pietronero L (2012) A new metrics for countries’ fitness and products’ complexity. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00723
Tang LL et al (2016) Regional contribution to PM1 pollution during winter haze in Yangtze River Delta, China. Sci Total Environ 541:161–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.058
Tian G, Gunes MH (2014) Complex network analysis of ozone transport. in: Complex networks V. Studies in Computational Intelligence. pp 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05401-8_9
Wang Y (2020) Regional-level prediction model with advection PDE model and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration data. Phys Scr. https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ab4b82
Wang Y, Wang H, Chang S, Liu M (2017) Higher-order network analysis of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) transport in China at City Level. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13614-7
Wang Y, Wang H, Zhang S (2018) A weighted higher-order network analysis of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) transport in Yangtze River Delta. Physica a-Stat Mech Appl 496:654–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2017.12.096
Wang Y, Wang H, Zhang S (2020) Quantifying prediction and intervention measures for PM2.5 by a PDE model. J Clean Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122131
Wu DW, Fung JCH, Yao T, Lau AKH (2013) A study of control policy in the Pearl River Delta region by using the particulate matter source apportionment method. Atmos Environ 76:147–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.069
Xu X, Lin W, Wang T, Yan P, Tang J, Meng Z, Wang Y (2008) Long-term trend of surface ozone at a regional background station in eastern China 1991–2006: enhanced variability. Atmos Chem Phys 8:2595–2607. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2595-2008
Yu S et al (2014) Origin of air pollution during a weekly heavy haze episode in Hangzhou, China. Environ Chem Lett 12:543–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-014-0483-1
Zhang Y, Vijayaraghavan K, Seigneur C (2005) Evaluation of three probing techniques in a three-dimensional air quality model. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci 110:21. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd005248
Zheng J, Zhang L, Che W, Zheng Z, Yin S (2009) A highly resolved temporal and spatial air pollutant emission inventory for the Pearl River Delta region, China and its uncertainty assessment. Atmos Environ 43:5112–5122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.060
Zhou JB, Xing ZY, Deng JJ, Du K (2016) Characterizing and sourcing ambient PM2.5 over key emission regions in China I: Water-soluble ions and carbonaceous fractions. Atmos Environ 135:20–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.03.054
Zhu L, Huang X, Shi H, Cai X, Song Y (2011) Transport pathways and potential sources of PM10 in Beijing. Atmos Environ 45:594–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.10.040
Acknowledgements
This work received funding from National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC0213804). Kan Huang acknowledge support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (91644105) and National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC0213105).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interests
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, X., Wang, Q., Duan, Y. et al. Complex network analysis of PM2.5 transport in the Yangtze River Delta Region, China. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 35, 2645–2658 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02056-3
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02056-3