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Intermittent Surface Renewals and Methane Hotspots in Natural Peatlands

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Abstract

Peatlands account for a large fraction of global methane (\(\mathrm {CH_4}\)) emissions. These environments exchange \(\mathrm {CH_4}\) with the atmosphere via three main mechanisms: diffusion through the peat and water, plant-mediated diffusion, and sporadic release of \(\mathrm {CH_4}\) bubbles. While rapid advances have been made in measuring \(\mathrm {CH_4}\) fluxes above peatlands on sub-daily time scales, partitioning \(\mathrm {CH_4}\) fluxes into ebullition and background diffusion remains a formidable challenge. Such partitioning is becoming necessary for future projection of methane concentration as atmospheric, hydrologic, and edaphic drivers of these two types of methane releases may differ significantly. Using surface renewal theory, a framework for partitioning measured methane fluxes based on the mass transfer mechanism is introduced with the overall objective of characterizing the intermittency of \(\mathrm {CH_4}\) source and its strength at the ground. This approach is tested using a large dataset of measured turbulent air velocity and multiple scalar concentrations (including heat, water vapour, and carbon dioxide) for flow above a boreal peatland in Finland. The transport efficiencies of different gas transfer mechanisms are then evaluated for scalars characterized by background diffusion (e.g., water vapour) or by intermittent sources (e.g., methane). Whether environmental variables such as water-table levels and atmospheric conditions have a signature on the occurrence of \(\mathrm {CH_4}\) hotspots is then investigated. Building upon the classical surface renewal theory, this work introduces a novel approach for inferring the intermittent nature of scalar sources at the ground and for exploring how non-homogeneity affects the efficiency of gas turbulent transport in the atmospheric surface layer.

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Acknowledgements

EZ acknowledges support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA NESSF Fellowship 80NSSC17K0364). GK was partially supported by the US National Science Foundation (NSF-AGS-1644382, NSF-IOS-1754893, NSF-AGS-2028633) and the University of Helsinki during a sabbatical leave from Duke University in 2017. The Python code used in this study is freely available at https://github.com/EnricoZorzetto/methane_isr under the MIT license.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

    Enrico Zorzetto

  2. Climate Research Programme, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland

    Olli Peltola

  3. Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland

    Tiia Grönholm

  4. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

    Gabriel G. Katul

  5. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

    Gabriel G. Katul

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  1. Enrico Zorzetto
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  4. Gabriel G. Katul
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Correspondence to Enrico Zorzetto.

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Zorzetto, E., Peltola, O., Grönholm, T. et al. Intermittent Surface Renewals and Methane Hotspots in Natural Peatlands. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 180, 407–433 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-021-00637-x

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